The effect of dry conditions on subsequent leakage and rotting of fungal sclerotia

Coley‐Smith, J. R.; Ghaffar, Abdul; Javed, Zoya

doi:10.1016/0038-0717(74)90036-4

Cited by 32 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Our observations indicate that this loss and replacement of rind cells is more pronounced under dry conditions. This is consistent with the observations of several authors that drying sclerotia accelerates their rate of decay (Coley-Smith et al 1974;Leggett and Rahe 1985).…”

Section: Rahe 1985)supporting

confidence: 92%

Sclerotial morphogenesis in Sclerotium cepivorum in vitro

Littley¹,

Rahe²

1992

Can. J. Bot.

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LITTLEY, E. R., and RAHE, J. E. 1992. Sclerotial morphogenesis in Sclerotiurn cepivorum in vitro. . Sclerotial ontogeny, maturation, and aging in Sclerotium cepivorum are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. On potato dextrose agar, the mycelium spread, branching irregularly. Six days after inoculation sclerotial initials appeared, formed by hyphae branching and looping. From 6 to 8 days, the number and size of initials increased, and mucilagenous material appeared. By day 9, hyphal bundles formed in the mycelium. Between 9 and 11 days, spherical forms developed and the sclerotia grew. By day 12, an acellular matrix appeared, and to day 18 this matrix progressively obscured the surface hyphae and became black. A layer of ovoid rind cells developed at the surface. To examine the reduced survival of laboratory-produced compared with field-collected sclerotia, sclerotia from a variety of sources and conditions were compared. In general, the rind of sclerotia aged in dry conditions had a broken, irregular appearance versus fresh sclerotia or sclerotia aged under moist, axenic conditions. Sclerotia aged dry developed 1 to 4 layers of rind cells, while sclerotia kept moist developed only 1 or 2 layers. The structural and survival differences between laboratory-produced and natural sclerotia are attributable to differences in the moisture conditions under which they matured and aged. LITTLEY, E. R., et RAHE, J. E. 1992. Sclerotial morphogenesis in Sclerotium cepivorum in vitro. Can. J . Bot. 70 : 772-778. Les auteurs dtcrivent l'ontogtnbse, la maturation et le vieillissement du Sclerotium cepivorum i I'aide de la microscopie tlectronique par balayage. Sur extrait de pomme de terre gtloste, le myctlium s'ttend en se ramifiant irrtgulikrement. Six jours aprbs l'inoculation les primordia des scltrotes apparaissent et se forment par ramification et enroulement des hyphes. Des jours 6 i 8, le nombre et la grosseur des primordia augmente et du mattriel mucilagineux apparait. Vers le 9ibme jour, des faisceaux d'hyphes se forment dans le myctlium. Entre les jours 9 et 11, la forme sphtrique apparait et le scltrote grossi. Vers le l2ibme jour, une matrice acellulaire prend forme et jusqu'au 18ibme jour cette matrice obscursi progressivement les hyphes de surface et se mtlanise. Une couche de cellules corticales ovo'ides se dtveloppe i la surface. Afin de determiner la rtduction de la survie de scltrotes produits au laboratoire comparativement i des sclCrotes produits aux champs, les auteurs ont compare des scltrotes d'origines et de conditions diverses. En gtntral, les cortex des scltrotes vieillis sous des conditions skches montrent une apparence briste et irrtgulibre, contrairement aux scltrotes frais ou vieillis i I'humiditt en conditions axtniques. Les scltrotes vieillis au sec montrent un i quatre couches de cellules corticales alors que ceux qui le sont i l'humiditt n'en comportent que un ou deux couches. Les differences dans les structures et dans la survie entre les scltrotes produits au laboratoire et...

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Section: Rahe 1985)supporting

confidence: 92%

Sclerotial morphogenesis in Sclerotium cepivorum in vitro

Littley¹,

Rahe²

1992

Can. J. Bot.

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“…In previous studies, sclerotia of S. rolfsii were found to survive from 2 months to 3 years in field soil (2) and S. rolfsii var. delphinii survived 6 months to 2 years (5,10,11,26,27). Some of those studies used sclerotia that were either produced on culture media or air dried before burial; it is likely, however, that conditions under which sclerotia are produced can impact their durability in survival trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overwintering of Sclerotium rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii in Different Latitudes of the United States

Mueller

Esker

et al. 2008

Plant Disease

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Previously known only from the southern United States, hosta petiole rot recently appeared in the northern United States. Sclerotium rolfsii var. delphinii is believed to be the predominant petiole rot pathogen in the northern United States, whereas S. rolfsii is most prevalent in the southern United States. In order to test the hypothesis that different tolerance to climate extremes affects the geographic distribution of these fungi, the survival of S. rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii in the northern and southeastern United States was investigated. At each of four locations, nylon screen bags containing sclerotia were placed on the surface of bare soil and at 20-cm depth. Sclerotia were recovered six times from November 2005 to July 2006 in North Dakota and Iowa, and from December 2005 to August 2006 in North Carolina and Georgia. Survival was estimated by quantifying percentage of sclerotium survival on carrot agar. Sclerotia of S. rolfsii var. delphinii survived until at least late July in all four states. In contrast, no S. rolfsii sclerotia survived until June in North Dakota or Iowa, whereas 18.5% survived until August in North Carolina and 10.3% survived in Georgia. The results suggest that inability to tolerate low temperature extremes limits the northern range of S. rolfsii.

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“…In previous studies, sclerotia of S. rolfsii survived 2 months to 3 years in field soil , whereas those of S. rolfsii var delphinii survived 6 months to 2 years (Coley- Smith et al 1974;Javed et al 1977;. It is possible, however, that conditions under which sclerotia are produced can impact their durability in survival trials.…”

Section: Impact Of Source Of Sclerotia On Survivalmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The relative absence of soil drying at 10-cm depth might account for greater survival than at the soil surface (Matti 1988). Unlike sclerotia of S. cepivorum, Botrytis cinerea and B. tulipae, sclerotia of S. rolfsii tend to leak large quantities of nutrients into soil after a succession of wetting and drying periods, resulting in increased microbial colonization (Coley-Smith 1974).…”

Section: Temperature and Moisturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Overwinter survival of Sclerotium rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii, screening hosta for resistance to S. rolfsii var. delphinii, and phylogenetic relationships among Sclerotium species

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In this study, three aspects of plant-pathogenic Sclerotium fungi were investigated: overwinter survival of Sclerotium rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii; development of a rapid method for detecting resistance of hosta cultivars to petiole rot disease; and clarification of phylogenetic relationship among pathogenic Sclerotium species. To test the hypothesis that differential tolerance to climate extremes affects the geographic distribution of S. rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii, overwinter survival of these fungi was investigated in the northern and southeastern U.S. At each of four locations, nylon screen bags containing sclerotia were placed on the soil surface and buried at 20-cm depth. Sclerotia were recovered six times from November 2005 to July 2006 in North Dakota and Iowa, and from December 2005 to August 2006 in North Carolina and Georgia. Survival was estimated by quantifying percentage of sclerotium survival on carrot agar. Sclerotia of S. rolfsii var. delphinii survived until at least late July in all four states. In contrast, no S. rolfsii sclerotia survived until June in North Dakota or Iowa, whereas 18.5% survived until August in North Carolina and 10.3% survived in Georgia. The results suggest that inability to tolerate low temperature extremes limits the northern range of S. rolfsii. In the second study, a rapid assay was developed to assess hosta cultivars for resistance to petiole rot caused by S. rolfsii var. delphinii. The leaf-petiole junction of excised leaves of greenhouse-grown hosta (Hosta kikutii and H. spp. cultivars Lemon Lime, Munchkin, Tardiflora, Pearl Lake, Zounds, Honeybells, Gold Drop, and Halcyon) were treated with 20 µl of oxalic acid (50 mM) on a cotton swab, then incubated at 100% relative humidity and 27 °C. After 4 days, incidence of leaves with lesions was evaluated. Cultivar resistance rankings were generally consistent with those of field and greenhouse cultivar screening tests in which whole plants were inoculated with the pathogen. vi In the third study, genetic evidence and morphological features were used to determine the taxonomic placement of eight plant-pathogenic Sclerotium species and transfer one Ceratorhiza species to the genus level. Sequences of rDNA large subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were generated for isolates of each species. Parsimony analysis grouped two species, S. denigrans Pape and S. perniciosum Slogt. et K.S. Thomas, within the Ascomycota. Mycelium morphology generally matched with results of the parsimony analysis. S. hydrophilum Sacc and S. rhizodes Auersw. were transferred to Ceratorhiza hydrophilum (Sacc.) Xu, Harrington, Gleason, et Batzer, comb. nov. and Ceratorhiza rhizodes (Auersw.) Xu, Harrington, Gleason, et Batzer, comb. nov., respectively. 1 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Dissertation Organization This dissertation consists of an abstract and five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to hosta petiole rot, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii, and sets the stage for...

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The effect of dry conditions on subsequent leakage and rotting of fungal sclerotia

Cited by 32 publications

References 13 publications

Sclerotial morphogenesis in Sclerotium cepivorum in vitro

Sclerotial morphogenesis in Sclerotium cepivorum in vitro

Overwintering of Sclerotium rolfsii and S. rolfsii var. delphinii in Different Latitudes of the United States

Overwinter survival of <i>Sclerotium rolfsii</i> and <i>S. rolfsii</i> var. <i>delphinii</i>, screening hosta for resistance to S. rolfsii var. delphinii, and phylogenetic relationships among Sclerotium species

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