The effect of environment on cross-sensitization between methylphenidate and amphetamine in female rats

Chronic Methylphenidate Effects on Brain Gene Expression: An Exploratory Review

“…Therefore, adolescents, for example, college students, are neurologically at higher risk of abusing and forming addictions due to their age. 19 As of 2018 in the US, nearly 16 million adults had been found to have used prescription stimulants, such as MP. 21 Other contributing factors to the susceptibility of abuse include individuals seeking a specific outcome onset from using MP.…”

“…22 MP increases attention span and focus, resulting in many college students looking to abuse the drug for their academic purposes. 6,7,19,23,24 This misuse has not only increased, but with it so has the number of ADHD diagnoses and therefore the prescription of MP. 17 MP abuse has dramatically increased since 1990, according to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), with the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) recording 3.5 million people; equivalent to 1.3% of the population, of 12 years and older using MP for non-medical purposes as of 2015.…”

“…This study concluded that the intensity of the cross sensitivity of MP and amphetamine is most significantly altered by environmental changes and adolescent exposure. 19 This suggests the increased risk of developing drug dependency in adolescence due to early exposure to MP. 19 Generally, users are looking for the intoxicating "high" that can be associated with taking MP.…”

“…19 This suggests the increased risk of developing drug dependency in adolescence due to early exposure to MP. 19 Generally, users are looking for the intoxicating "high" that can be associated with taking MP. By releasing and increasing synaptic dopamine, intravenous users have reported mirror-like effects to that of cocaine, by the binding of MP with dopaminergic pathways.…”

“…Lastly, in regards to addiction and misuse potential, MP when taken by non-ADHD individuals, showed heightened cognitive effects such as improved attention and ability to focus on a given task 6,7,19,23,24 Due to MP affecting the brain's https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S445719…”