“…In addition, previous studies have investigated the impact of flipped classrooms on students’ cognitive performance, such as satisfaction, motivation, and self-efficacy ( Abeysekera and Dawson, 2015 ; Yilmaz, 2017 ; Chou, 2018 ; Lag and Sæle, 2019 ; Murillo-Zamorano et al, 2019 ; Zheng et al, 2020 ; Debba and Yldz, 2021 ). However, there were usually fewer studies on courses aimed at training students’ skills and strategies ( Elmaadaway, 2018 ; Xu et al, 2019 ; Lin et al, 2021 ).…”