The effect of fluid-drag forces on the discharge of free-flowing solids from hoppers

Particle motion in L-valve as observed by positron emission particle tracking

“…This critical apex flow has been previously investigated by Smolders and Baeyens [18], who compared experimental results with predictions from empirical correlations of Rausch [16], Beverloo et al [2] and Carleton [3]. Their experiments agreed to within 20% of the Carleton predictions, with other equations overestimating or underestimating the apex flow by more than 100%.…”

“…Their experiments agreed to within 20% of the Carleton predictions, with other equations overestimating or underestimating the apex flow by more than 100%. The Carleton equation takes the form of The equation of Carleton [3] will be used in this paper to calculate the maximum hopper or cyclone discharge. 4.2.…”

“…Carleton [3] derived Eq. (1) for the maximum possible solid flow as a function of hopper outlet attributes.…”

Predictive model for corn flour discharge rates through an aerated hopper

“…However, for fine bulk solids, Nedderman et al and many other researchers have shown the significant effect on the flow rate of the interstitial air pressure gradients [7][8][9][10][11]. Carleton [12] and other researchers suggested particle sizes to distinguish between coarse and fine bulk solids depending on the effect of interstitial air pressure gradient on the particle flow rate.…”

“…From Carleton's theoretical model [12], they developed a model where the parameter permeability is introduced since it's closely related to the air pressure gradient. They found that the discharge rates of particles from mass flow bins increase with increases in permeability up to a limiting value (which is defined by factors such as bin geometry and the properties of the bulk particulate being handled).…”