“…The energy and intensity systematics of V K XANES spectra were documented by Wong et al (1984). A quantitative approach for determining V valence based on pre-edge peak intensity was developed by Sutton et al (2005) and applied to various earth and planetary materials (e.g., Karner et al, 2006, Karner et al, 2008, Righter et al, 2011, Papike et al, 2013. Cr 2+ /Cr 3+ ratios based on K XANES have also been widely applied (e.g., Sutton et al, 1993, Berry et al, 2004, Berry et al, 2006, Karner et al, 2007a,b, Goodrich et al, 2013.…”