The effect of free-living nematodes and compost moisture on growth and yield in <i>Agaricus brunnescens</i>

Kaufman, T. D.; Lukezic, F. L.; Bloom, J. R.

doi:10.1139/m84-074

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…It also reduces mushroom quality by causing sporophore distortion and/or by its physical presence on sporophores. Similar or even greater numbers of rhabditid nematodes/g of compost or casing material have been reported from many mushroom farms all over the world (Ingratta & Olthof, 1978;Hesling, 1979;McLeod & Nair, 1981 ;Sanderson et al, 1981 ;Kaufman et al, 1984) and it is a matter of speculation as to the extent of annual crop losses incurred by commercial growers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…However, nematode populations started to decline two weeks after inoculation, indicating that they should perhaps best be described as 'opportunistic substrate modifiers'. This view is substantiated by Kaufman et al (1984) who showed that extracts of a nematode-infected compost affected the growth of mushroom mycelium. Normally, mushrooms appear in distinct flushes at intervals of about 7 -14 days (Flegg & Wood, 1985).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Their work seemed to stimulate interest in these nematodes and resulted in conflicting views of their significance in the mushroom industry. Reports have suggested that saprobic rhabditids: (a) cause yield losses (van Haut, 1956;Blake & Conroy, 1959;Klingler & Tschierpe, 1980;McLeod & Nair, 1981;Ross & Burden, 1981;Sanderson, Marshall, Ovenden & Stengs, 1981;Kaufman, Lukezic & Bloom, 1984); (b) are beneficial (Ingratta & Olthof, 1978;Cayrol, Frankowski & Quiles, 1981); or (c) are harmless and the obvious end-result of a poor composting process (Hesling, 1966(Hesling, , 1979Gerrits, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) on yield and quality of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Grewal¹,

Richardson²

1991

Annals of Applied Biology

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Thirteen species of saprobic rhabditid nematodes (1 1 genera) were identified from samples of compost and casing material collected from mushroom farms in the British Isles. Cuenorhabditis elegans, the most frequently found saprobe, was mass-produced monoxenically and its effects on the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (strain U3) were studied.C. elegans did not multiply in well-prepared, pasteurised, spawned compost, whereas casing material proved to be a highly suitable environment for its reproduction. An initial casing inoculum of lo6 nematodes/crate of compost (7.5 kg), caused a significant reduction in mushroom yield. Losses in total mushroom yields of 1 1%, 20% and 26% were caused by initial inoculum rates of lo6, lo7 and 2 x lo7 nematodes/crate, respectively. Yields were negatively correlated with the initial nematode inoculation level and regression equations were derived. The nematode treatments caused fewer mushrooms to be produced and an absence of the usual distinctive flushing patterns.C. elegans caused considerable deterioration in mushroom quality and characteristic distortion of mushrooms. Individual sporophores were mis-shapen, notched and had brown or violet coloured grills. Up to 3.8%, 6.7% and 10.8% of total weight and 3.5%, 5.4% and 8% of total numbers of mushrooms were distorted at the three highest nematode inoculum rates tested. Weights and numbers of distorted mushrooms were positively correlated with the initial nematode population. C. elegans commonly colonised sporophores.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) on yield and quality of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Grewal¹,

Richardson²

1991

Annals of Applied Biology

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“…Saprophagous rhabditid nematodes are commonly found in both compost and casing material (moss-peat/chalk) used for the cultivation of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach (Hesling, 1979). High nematode populations are often associated with reductions in mycelial growth (Hesling, 1966; Kaufman, Lukezic &Bloom, 1984) and losses in yield (Ross & Burden, 1981; Sanderson, Marshall, Ovenden & Stengs, 1981), though a direct causal relationship has not been established. The effects of saprophagous nematodes on A .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of saprophagous nematodes on A . bisporus depend upon compost moisture (Kaufman et al, 1984) and on the type of mushroom strain cultivated (Klingler & Tschierpe, 1980; Ross & Burden, 1981). Direct pathogenicity by the nematodes is unlikely, as their stoma (buccal cavity) is structurally incapable of causing any significant physical damage to mushroom mycelium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative contribution of nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) and bacteria towards the disruption of flushing patterns and losses in yield and quality of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Grewal

1991

Annals of Applied Biology

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Laboratory tests of bacteria isolated from the body surface, or from the gut, of a saprophagous rhabditid nematode Caenorhabditis elegans infesting mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) showed that some bacteria enhanced nematode reproduction and that others inhibited it. As some bacteria were shown to inhibit mycelial growth of the mushroom, the effects of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia liquefaciens, either alone or in combination with C . elegans, on the flushing patterns, quality and yield of A . bisporus (strain Horst U3) were studied.Bacteria alone had little effect on flushing patterns whereas C. elegans delayed the onset of mushroom production and significantly disrupted the growth pattern of crops, with mushrooms appearing more regularly and not within obvious flushes. Inoculation with bacteria resulted in 'browning' of mushrooms that was even more pronounced in C. elegans treatments. Characteristic distortion of sporophores was observed only in the presence of C. elegans. Nematodes commonly colonised sporophores. Bacteria affected the size of nematode populations both on the sporophores and in the casing.Significant yield loss occurred; up to 10% when bacteria were inoculated, up to 27.8% when C . elegans was inoculated, and up to 35% with both bacteria and nematodes. Synergism between C. elegans and A . calcoaceticus var. anitratus was observed ; the combination resulted in significantly greater reduction in mushroom yield than any other treatment. It is concluded that bacteria contribute to yield loss and quality deterioration in A . bisporus but that the effects are far greater in the presence of C . elegans.

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Insect, Mite, and Nematode Pests of Commercial Mushroom Production

Rinker

2017

Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms

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The effect of free-living nematodes and compost moisture on growth and yield in Agaricus brunnescens

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) on yield and quality of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Effects of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) on yield and quality of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Relative contribution of nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) and bacteria towards the disruption of flushing patterns and losses in yield and quality of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Insect, Mite, and Nematode Pests of Commercial Mushroom Production

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