The Effect of Freestream Turbulence on Deposition for Nozzle Guide Vanes

Abstract

An evaluation of the effect of freestream turbulence intensity on the rate of deposit accumulation for nozzle guide vanes (NGVs) was performed using the turbine reacting flow rig (TuRFR) accelerated deposition facility. The TuRFR allowed flows up to 1350 K at inlet Mach numbers of 0.1 to be seeded with coal fly ash particulate in order to rapidly evaluate deposit formation on CFM56 NGVs. Hot film and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were taken to assess the freestream turbulence with and without the presence of a grid upstream of the NGVs. It was determined that baseline turbulence levels were approximately half that of the flow exiting typical gas turbine combustors and were reduced by approximately 30% with the grid installed. Deposition tests indicated that the rate of deposition increases as the freestream turbulence is increased, and that this increase depends upon the particle size distribution. For ash with a mass median diameter of 4.63 μm, the increase in capture efficiency was approximately a factor of 1.77, while for ash with a larger median diameter of 6.48 μm, the capture efficiency increased by a factor of 1.84. The increase in capture efficiency is due to the increased diffusion of particles to the vane surface via turbulent diffusion. Based on these results, smaller particles appear to be less susceptible to this mechanism of particle delivery. Overall, the experiments indicate that the reduction of turbulence intensity upstream of NGVs may lead to reduced deposit accumulation, and consequently, increased service life. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed at turbulence levels equivalent to the experiments to assess the ability of built-in particle tracking models to capture the physics of turbulent diffusion. Impact efficiencies were shown to increase from 21% to 73% as the freestream turbulence was increased from 5.8% to 8.4%. An analysis incorporating the mass of the particles into the impact efficiency resulted in an increase of the mass-based impact efficiency from 17% to 27% with increasing turbulence. Relating these impact efficiencies directly to capture efficiencies, the predicted increase in capture efficiency with higher turbulence is less than that observed in the experiments. In addition, the variation in the impact efficiencies between the two ash sizes was smaller than the capture efficiency difference from experiments. This indicates that the particle tracking models are not capturing all of the relevant physics associated with turbulent diffusion of airborne particles.

Particle-Vane Interaction Probability in Gas Turbine Engines

“…(11) and (16), respectively. Experimental data from a recent study by Whitaker et al [24] are used for this purpose. Germane parameters are collected in Table 6.…”

“…Experimental values of accumulation factor taken from Ref [24]. compared with the predicted values of interaction probability at the given condition.…”

A review of multiphase flow and deposition effects in film-cooled gas turbines

“…For comparison of the capture efficiencies on the NGV, some results were obtained by considering various influence factors, such as particle material [24], particle size [25,29,34], gas temperature [25,34], blowing ratio [33], inlet turbulence level [37], deposition time [34], and hot streak [35,38,39]. Effects of the gas temperature and particle size are analyzed in fig.…”

“…The vanes are numbered 1-4, and the two center vanes are used to provide periodic flow conditions. In addition, Whitaker et al [37] designed a turbulence grid placed in the flow path upstream the NGV as shown in part D of fig. 1.…”

Experimental Study of Particle Deposition on Surface at Different Mainstream Velocity and Temperature

“…The largest amount of deposition occurred on the leading edge. Whitaker et al [16] noted that the mass of deposition on the blade surface was dependent on particle size distribution, indicating that microparticles with larger sizes were easier to deposit on the surface. They concluded that a reduction of inflow turbulence intensity could slow down the deposition buildup and extend the service life of the turbine.…”