The effect of hard water, spray solution storage time, and ammonium sulfate on glyphosate efficacy and yield of glyphosate-resistant corn

Mahoney, Kris J.; NurseR., E.; SikkemaP., H.

doi:10.4141/cjps-2014-131

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Addition of NIS to weak-acid herbicides has been shown to overcome hard water antagonism by facilitating absorption as a solubilizer or partitioning sink for the herbicides (Nalewaja et al 1991), which could explain the lack of differences between hardness treatments in the present study. Similar to the present findings, Mohoney et al (2014) reported that carrier water hardness had a negligible overall effect on the efficacy of glyphosate on common ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), large crabgrass ( Digitaria sanguinalis Cyperales), and pigweed species in corn crops ( Zea mays L.).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Influence of carrier water pH and hardness on imazapic efficacy for sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.) control in peanut

Daramola,

MacDonald,

Kanissery

et al. 2024

Weed Technol

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Carrier water quality is an important consideration for herbicide efficacy. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted from 2021 to 2023 to evaluate the effect of carrier water pH and hardness on imazapic efficacy for sicklepod control in peanut. Imazapic was applied postemergence at 0.071 kg a.i ha-1 with carrier water pH levels (5, 6, 7, 8 or 9); and hardness levels: 0 (deionized water), 100, 200, 400 or 500 mg L−1 of CaCO3 equivalent in separate field experiments. In greenhouse experiments, imazapic was applied to either 10-cm, 15-cm, or 20-cm-tall sicklepod at similar carrier water pH levels and hardness 0, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg L−1 of CaCO3. In the field study, sicklepod control, density and biomass reductions were lower with carrier water pH 5 or 9 compared with pH 7. In the greenhouse study, control was not different among carrier water pH levels when imazapic was applied to 10-cm sicklepod; however, when applied to 15-cm or 20-cm sicklepod, control was at least 25% greater with acidic (pH 5) compared with alkaline (pH 9) carrier water. Results from the field study showed that carrier water hardness ≤500 ppm did not reduce imazapic efficacy for sicklepod control. In the greenhouse study, regardless of sicklepod height, carrier water hardness 800 mg L-1 reduced sicklepod control by 15% and biomass reduction by 17% compared with deionized water (pH 7). The effects of carrier water pH and hardness on imazapic efficacy did not compromise peanut yield in the field study. However, this study indicates both acidic and alkaline carrier water pH and hardness (800 mg L-1 CaCO3 L-1) has the potential to reduce imazapic efficacy on sicklepod, and appropriate spray solution amendments maybe be needed to maintain optimum efficacy.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Influence of carrier water pH and hardness on imazapic efficacy for sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.) control in peanut

Daramola,

MacDonald,

Kanissery

et al. 2024

Weed Technol

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“…This information provides applicators greater time flexibility, because changing weather conditions may require delaying the application and prolonging storage of mixtures. Although spray water pH between 7 and 8 is common in agriculture (Hem 1985) and can lead to insecticide and fungicide alkaline hydrolysis that increases over time (Etō 1974;Kuhr and Dorough 1976), spray solution storage time did not affect 2,4-D efficacy in this experiment or the efficacy of other weak acid herbicides in previous experiments Mahoney et al 2014;Stewart et al 2009). In addition, it is important to note that hard-water antagonism occurred immediately when mixing; the 0-h treatment in this experiment was mixed and applied within 1 min.…”

Section: Influence Of Spray Solution Storage Timementioning

confidence: 60%

“…In previous studies, researchers found no differences in control with premixtures of glyphosate and dicamba 24 h after mixing or glufosinate and glyphosate when spray solutions were stored up to 7 d after mixing (Stewart et al 2009). Furthermore, glyphosate efficacy was not reduced in hard water when spray solutions were stored up to 7 d after mixing with or without AMS (Mahoney et al 2014). Spray mixture storage time is variable because some applicators mix immediately before applications and others mix ahead of time or save unused mixtures for later applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Weed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine depends on mixture water hardness and adjuvant inclusion but not spray solution storage time

Schortgen

Patton

2020

Weed Technol

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Herbicides are an important tool in managing weeds in turf and agricultural production. One of the earliest selective herbicides, 2,4-D, is a weak acid herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds. Water-quality parameters, such as pH and hardness, influence the efficacy of weak acid herbicides. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate how varying water hardness level, spray solution storage time, and adjuvant inclusion affected broadleaf weed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine. The first experiment evaluated a range of water-hardness levels (from 0 to 600 mg calcium carbonate [CaCO3] L−1) on efficacy of 2,4-D dimethylamine applied at 1.60 kg ae ha−1 for dandelion and horseweed control. A second experiment evaluated dandelion control from spray solutions prepared 0, 1, 4, 24, and 72 h before application. Dandelion and horseweed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine was reduced when the CaCO3 level in water was at least 422 or at least 390 mg L−1, respectively. Hard-water antagonism was overcome by the addition of 20 g L−1 ammonium sulfate (AMS) into the mixture. When AMS was included in spray mixtures, no differences were observed at 600 mg CaCO3 L−1, compared with distilled water. Spray solution storage time did not influence dandelion control, regardless of water-hardness level or adjuvant inclusion. To prevent antagonism, applicators should use a water-conditioning agent such as AMS when applying 2,4-D dimethylamine in hard water.

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“…There are several reports about differential control of weed species obtained by glyphosate combined with nitrogen fertilizers, especially in studies conducted in North America. In a weed community, the joint application of glyphosate and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 resulted in a 93% reduction in plant biomass, while treatments without this adjuvant reduced biomass by 77% (Mahoney et al 2014). The control of Urochloa decumbens with glyphosate was not increased by the use of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , but this combination resulted in greater control in S. halepense (Carvalho et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Journal of Plant Protection Research

Dalazen¹,

Pisoni²,

Menegaz³

et al. 2019

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Environmental factors and the addition of adjuvants to the spray tank mix may interfere with glyphosate efficiency in hairy fleabane control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of air temperature and the addition of ammonium sulfate (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 to glyphosate in the control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) and -susceptible (GS) hairy fleabane. Treatments consisted of air temperatures of 12°C and 25°C, six doses of glyphosate from zero to 2,880 g • ha −1 , the presence or absence of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 in the spray solution, and one GS and another GR biotype. At the lowest tested dose (180 g • ha −1 ), control of the GR biotype was 91% and 20% when the plants were kept at 12°C and 25°C, respectively, reducing the resistance factor (RF) by 9.30 times and was associated to the reduction of temperature. The addition of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 increased the control by 10−20% at high glyphosate doses and at 25°C. The resistance of hairy fleabane to glyphosate was completely reversed when the plants were maintained at 12°C. At this temperature, resistant plants were controlled even at doses well below that recommended for the control of this species. At 25°C, a dose four times higher than that recommended was required for satisfactory control. At the field level, under situations of low temperatures, it was possible to improve the efficacy of glyphosate applications in hairy fleabane control, if there were no other mechanisms of resistance involved.

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The effect of hard water, spray solution storage time, and ammonium sulfate on glyphosate efficacy and yield of glyphosate-resistant corn

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Influence of carrier water pH and hardness on imazapic efficacy for sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.) control in peanut

Influence of carrier water pH and hardness on imazapic efficacy for sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.) control in peanut

Weed control by 2,4-D dimethylamine depends on mixture water hardness and adjuvant inclusion but not spray solution storage time

Journal of Plant Protection Research

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