The Effect of High-Intensity Ultrasound and Natural Oils on the Extraction and Antioxidant Activity of Lycopene from Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Waste

Abstract

The extraction of lycopene was carried out with three types of vegetable oils (grape, extra virgin olive, and peanut) by means of two methods: agitation and high-intensity ultrasound with a frequency of 20 kHz at an amplitude of 80% with periods of 40 s of sonication for 20 min at a temperature of 40 °C. The antioxidant determination by inhibition of ABTS and DPPH radicals showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) for inhibition of the ABTS radical in native oils and oils with lycopene. However, the radical DPPH showed that the native oils presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the samples with lycopene. FTIR spectra revealed the characteristic functional groups of lycopene exhibiting two characteristic peaks at 2923 cm−1 and 2957 cm−1. The DSC thermograms showed that the higher the degree of oil unsaturation, the lower the melting temperatures. Olive oil was the least unsaturated with the highest amount of oleic fatty acid. Grapeseed oil reported the lowest melting temperature at around −24.64 °C. Extra virgin olive oil showed the lightest values (L* = 41.08 ± 0.45) of brightness, and the peanut oil with lycopene was the darkest (L* = 16.72 ± 0.05). The extraction of lycopene from organic wastes treated with agitation and ultrasound was satisfactory reducing the use of conventional solvents. However, extraction with olive oil under agitation showed the best results.

Quality Control of Tomato Products and it's Influenced by Some Technological Treatments on Reducing Pesticide Residues.

“…Additionally, treatments involving sonication, juicing after sonication, and sun-dried tomatoes fruits also exhibited increased antioxidant activity compared to the control and other treatments. These findings suggest that specific processing techniques can influence the antioxidant capacity of tomatoes fruits , potentially providing additional health benefits to consumers [52][53][54][55]. IC50 refers to the effective concentration of a substance required to produce 50% of its maximum response or effect.…”

The Importance of Antioxidant Activity for the Health-Promoting Effect of Lycopene

“…Its molecular weight is 536.85 Da [33]. Chemically, this molecule is a linear hydrocarbon with 2 non-conjugated and 11 conjugated double bonds [34]. These bonds may undergo isomerization under the influence of factors such as temperature, light, and chemical reactions [2,35].…”

Green Composites Based on Mater-Bi® and Solanum lycopersicum Plant Waste for 3D Printing Applications

“…Tomato production in 2020 was led by China with almost 65 million tons, followed by India, Turkey, the United States and Egypt [ 27 ]. During the production and transportation stages, several wastes are typically produced, accounting for an estimated 10–15% of the total volume and are commonly used for compost or animal feed [ 28 ]. These wastes basically consist of skin, seeds, and tomato pomace (a by-product of tomato processing, based on peel, seeds and small amounts of pulp) and many investigations are recently focused on how to exploit them for higher-value purposes, such as extraction of lycopene, carotenoids, bases for biofuels, etc.…”

“…These wastes basically consist of skin, seeds, and tomato pomace (a by-product of tomato processing, based on peel, seeds and small amounts of pulp) and many investigations are recently focused on how to exploit them for higher-value purposes, such as extraction of lycopene, carotenoids, bases for biofuels, etc. [ 28 , 29 ]. However, much less attention is focused on the lignocellulosic wastes coming from the plants after extirpation of the fruits.…”