The Effect of Ingesting Carbohydrate and Proteins on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Nielsen, Lotte Lina Kloby; Lambert, Max Norman Tandrup; Jeppesen, Per Bendix

doi:10.3390/nu12051483

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Studies using exhaustive exercise and short recovery periods ranging from ∼4 to 18 h have implied a role of amino acid repletion in the recovery phase for subsequent performance (Williams et al, 2003;Rustad et al, 2016;Sollie et al, 2018;Dahl et al, 2020), although there is still some debate on the effectiveness of protein supplementation for recovery and performance in endurance exercise (Kloby Nielsen et al, 2020). SAA metabolism and availability may be implicated in these processes through several important mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaustive Exercise and Post-exercise Protein Plus Carbohydrate Supplementation Affect Plasma and Urine Concentrations of Sulfur Amino Acids, the Ratio of Methionine to Homocysteine and Glutathione in Elite Male Cyclists

et al. 2020

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Plasma and tissue sulfur amino acid (SAA) availability are crucial for intracellular methylation reactions and cellular antioxidant defense, which are important processes during exercise and in recovery. In this randomized, controlled crossover trial among eight elite male cyclists, we explored the effect of exhaustive exercise and post-exercise supplementation with carbohydrates and protein (CHO+PROT) vs. carbohydrates (CHO) on plasma and urine SAAs, a potential new marker of methylation capacity (methionine/total homocysteine ratio [Met/tHcy]) and related metabolites. The purpose of the study was to further explore the role of SAAs in exercise and recovery. Athletes cycled to exhaustion and consumed supplements immediately after and in 30 min intervals for 120 min post-exercise. After ~18 h recovery, performance was tested in a time trial in which the CHO+PROT group cycled 8.5% faster compared to the CHO group (41:53 ± 1:51 vs. 45:26 ± 1:32 min, p < 0.05). Plasma methionine decreased by ~23% during exhaustive exercise. Two h post-exercise, further decline in methionine had occured by ~55% in the CHO group vs. ~33% in the CHO+PROT group (pgroup × time < 0.001). The Met/tHcy ratio decreased by ~33% during exhaustive exercise, and by ~54% in the CHO group vs. ~27% in the CHO+PROT group (pgroup × time < 0.001) post-exercise. Plasma cystathionine increased by ~72% in the CHO group and ~282% in the CHO+PROT group post-exercise (pgroup × time < 0.001). Plasma total cysteine, taurine and total glutathione increased by 12% (p = 0.03), 85% (p < 0.001) and 17% (p = 0.02), respectively during exhaustive exercise. Using publicly available transcriptomic data, we report upregulated transcript levels of skeletal muscle SLC7A5 (log2 fold-change: 0.45, FDR:1.8e−07) and MAT2A (log2 fold-change: 0.38, FDR: 3.4e−0.7) after acute exercise. Our results show that exercise acutely lowers plasma methionine and the Met/tHcy ratio. This response was attenuated in the CHO+PROT compared to the CHO group in the early recovery phase potentially affecting methylation capacity and contributing to improved recovery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaustive Exercise and Post-exercise Protein Plus Carbohydrate Supplementation Affect Plasma and Urine Concentrations of Sulfur Amino Acids, the Ratio of Methionine to Homocysteine and Glutathione in Elite Male Cyclists

et al. 2020

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“…The success of endurance athletes depends on the ability of the aerobic energy production system to supply energy to the working muscles (Jeukendrup, 2011;Kolby et al, 2020). The analysis of literature sources shows that in the preparation of triathletes for the most important competitions, in order to avoid negative consequences, the study of their actual diet is important (Tiller et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can a High-Energy Diet Affect the Physical Fitness of Elite Athletes?

Yerzhanova

Madiyeva

Sabyrbek

et al. 2020

PED

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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of high energy diets, which were elaborated by the study authors, on the change of physical fitness of athletes of various sports. 90 athletes aged 17–30 years participated in the research. They were divided into three groups of 30 each. Our research has shown that prepared high-energy diets, used during 3 months in the preparatory period, per week-long training microcycles, had a greater positive effect on changes in the fitness of elite athletes of various sports compared to changes in the fitness of lower-performance athletes.

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“…What is the best post-exercise dietary pattern to augment metabolic recovery and training adaptations? Answer: Post-exercise intake of beverages and foods with carbohydrates, proteins, and polyphenols improve metabolic recovery and support training adaptations ( 80 , 82 , 87 , 89 ).…”

Section: Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goals in Nutrition Science 2020-2025

et al. 2021

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Five years ago, with the editorial board of Frontiers in Nutrition, we took a leap of faith to outline the Goals for Nutrition Science – the way we see it (1). Now, in 2020, we can put ourselves to the test and take a look back. Without a doubt we got it right with several of the key directions. To name a few, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Food and Nutrition are part of the global public agenda, and the SDGs contribute to the structuring of international science and research. Nutritional Science has become a critical element in strengthening work on the SDGs, and the development of appropriate methodologies is built on the groundwork of acquiring and analyzing big datasets. Investigation of the Human Microbiome is providing novel insight on the interrelationship between nutrition, the immune system and disease. Finally, with an advanced definition of the gut-brain-axis we are getting a glimpse into the potential for Nutrition and Brain Health. Various milestones have been achieved, and any look into the future will have to consider the lessons learned from Covid-19 and the sobering awareness about the frailty of our food systems in ensuring global food security. With a view into the coming 5 years from 2020 to 2025, the editorial board has taken a slightly different approach as compared to the previous Goals article. A mind map has been created to outline the key topics in nutrition science. Not surprisingly, when looking ahead, the majority of scientific investigation required will be in the areas of health and sustainability.Johannes le Coutre, Field Chief Editor, Frontiers in Nutrition.

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The Effect of Ingesting Carbohydrate and Proteins on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Cited by 30 publications

References 50 publications

Exhaustive Exercise and Post-exercise Protein Plus Carbohydrate Supplementation Affect Plasma and Urine Concentrations of Sulfur Amino Acids, the Ratio of Methionine to Homocysteine and Glutathione in Elite Male Cyclists

Exhaustive Exercise and Post-exercise Protein Plus Carbohydrate Supplementation Affect Plasma and Urine Concentrations of Sulfur Amino Acids, the Ratio of Methionine to Homocysteine and Glutathione in Elite Male Cyclists

Can a High-Energy Diet Affect the Physical Fitness of Elite Athletes?

Goals in Nutrition Science 2020-2025

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