“…Annual reports are one of the most commonly used data sources for intellectual capital disclosure because they allow for measuring trends and comparing companies, industries, and countries (Abeysekera, 2007). Several empirical studies investigated the relationship between intellectual capital and firm value from annual reports found a positive effect (Haris et al, 2019;Kadim et al, 2020;Ni et al, 2020) and negative effect (Britto et al, 2014;DΕΎenopoljac et al, 2016;Rahayu, 2019). This shows that the research on intellectual capital disclosure remains inconsistent (Giacosa et al, 2017;Massaro et al, 2017;Nimtrakoon, 2015).…”