The Effect of Iontophoresis on the Cutaneous Vasculature: Evidence for Current-Induced Hyperemia

Großmann, Matthias; Jamieson, M. J.; Kellogg, Dean L.; Kosiba, Wojciech A.; Pèrgola, Pablo E.; Crandall, Craig G.; Shepherd, Alexander M

doi:10.1006/mvre.1995.1070

Cited by 88 publications

(77 citation statements)

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The results were compared using RMA. Iontophoresis with normal saline consistently produced hyperemia that was approximately 20% of that produced by iontophoresis with ACh, which agrees with previously published data [15,16].A total of 97 subjects were enrolled in the study: 36 acute KS (Illness days 4-14, 4 patients were studied before receiving IVIG), 27 convalescent KS (36 days to 11 years postacute disease; median: 30 months), and 34 normal controls (Table 2). Age ranges and percent of subjects sedated with chloral hydrate were similar across all three groups.…”

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confidence: 87%

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Noninvasive Determination of Endothelial Cell Function in the Microcirculation in Kawasaki Syndrome

et al. 2007

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The aim of the study was to noninvasively assess endothelial cell (EC) function in the microcirculation using laser Doppler fluximetry (LDF) in acute and convalescent Kawasaki syndrome (KS) patients and healthy controls. KS is an acute, self-limited vasculitis of childhood that affects the EC of medium-sized arteries. No studies have addressed EC function in the peripheral microcirculation. LDF preacetylcholine and postacetylcholine (ACh) iontophoresis estimates microcirculation EC nitric oxide production leading to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilatation, which are blunted in EC dysfunction. We studied a total of 97 subjects: 36 acute and 27 convalescent KS patients and 34 normal children. Change in blood flow was measured by LDF for 10 min postACh iontophoresis. Acute KS patients had significantly lower average flux when compared to convalescent KS patients and controls in the first 5 min postiontophoresis. However, there was no difference in flux or area under the curve (AUC) between convalescent KS patients and healthy controls. Despite a reduced response of the microvascular EC to ACh in acute KS patients, convalescent patients with and without coronary aneurysms had microvascular EC function similar to normal controls. This suggests that the EC injury in KS is confined to the endothelium of mediumsized arteries and that microvascular EC function is normal after acute KS. KeywordsCoronary artery aneurysm; Vasculitis; Pediatric heart disease Correspondence to: Jane C. Burns, jcburns@ucsd.edu. [12]. The result of these assumptions is an average flux in the area of interest that can be measured before and after iontophoresis of ACh. This technique has been used in the past to study adults with conditions known to affect the microcirculation such as diabetes. To study the ability of the endothelium to release nitric oxide, LDF is coupled with ACh iontophoresis to produce vascular smooth muscle relaxation in response to nitric oxide. The resultant vasodilation can be measured as a change in flux. Limited experience in older pediatric patients suggested that the technique might be adaptable for the study of infants and young children. We used LDF before and after ACh iontophoresis to study EC function in the microvasculature of healthy children and in children during the acute and convalescent stages of KS. Materials and Methods PatientsThree populations of subjects were studied: acute and convalescent KS patients and healthy pediatric controls. Acute KS patients were studied during their admission to the hospital for treatment with IVIG and high-dose ASA. Acute patients were studied when their rectal or oral temperature was less than 100.4°F so that elevated body temperature would not complicate the interpretation of the study. Patients older than 3 years of age who were able to cooperate with the study were evaluated without sedation. The remaining acute KS patients were studied by LDF after receiving chloral hydrate sedation for echocardiograms that were performed either during or shortly after IV...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

supporting

confidence: 87%

Noninvasive Determination of Endothelial Cell Function in the Microcirculation in Kawasaki Syndrome

et al. 2007

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“…This nonspecific response, which is seen during iontophoresis of non-vasoactive compounds such as deionized water, tap water, and sodium chloride, has received considerable attention since it was first investigated by Grossmann et al (Grossmann et al, 1995). They found an increase in blood flow upon iontophoresis of sodium, lithium, chloride, nitride, acetate and bicarbonate ions.…”

Section: Nonspecific Vasodilatationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another antagonist that has been applied is atropine (Figure 9), which blocks muscarinic receptors resulting in a rightward shift and suppression of the vasodilatory dose response to acetylcholine, when both substances are delivered using iontophoresis (Grossmann et al, 1995;Henricson et al, 2007). (Henricson et al, 2007).…”

Section: Endothelial Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Possible mechanism Evidence References membrane hyperpolarization pH changes difference between anodal and cathodal iontophoresis (Grossmann et al, 1995) (Droog and Sjoberg, 2003) (Asberg et al, 1999) (Ferrell et al, 2002) vasoactive substances in sweat ducts drugs travel primarily through sweat ducts (Morris and Shore, 1996) sensory nerves EMLA partially blocks the response (Morris and Shore, 1996) prostaglandins aspirin partially blocks the response (Berliner, 1997) (Durand et al, 2002) small primary afferent fibers capsaicin partially blocks the response (Durand et al, 2002) …”

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confidence: 99%

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Transdermal iontophoresis as an in-vivo technique for studying microvascular physiology

Tesselaar

Sjöberg

2011

Microvascular Research

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Cutaneous Vasodilator and Vasoconstrictor Mechanisms in Temperature Regulation

Johnson

Minson

Kellogg

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

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In this review, we focus on significant developments in our understanding of the mechanisms that control the cutaneous vasculature in humans, with emphasis on the literature of the last half-century. To provide a background for subsequent sections, we review methods of measurement and techniques of importance in elucidating control mechanisms for studying skin blood flow. In addition, the anatomy of the skin relevant to its thermoregulatory function is outlined. The mechanisms by which sympathetic nerves mediate cutaneous active vasodilation during whole body heating and cutaneous vasoconstriction during whole body cooling are reviewed, including discussions of mechanisms involving cotransmission, NO, and other effectors. Current concepts for the mechanisms that effect local cutaneous vascular responses to local skin warming and cooling are examined, including the roles of temperature sensitive afferent neurons as well as NO and other mediators. Factors that can modulate control mechanisms of the cutaneous vasculature, such as gender, aging, and clinical conditions, are discussed, as are nonthermoregulatory reflex modifiers of thermoregulatory cutaneous vascular responses.

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The Effect of Iontophoresis on the Cutaneous Vasculature: Evidence for Current-Induced Hyperemia

Cited by 88 publications

References 0 publications

Noninvasive Determination of Endothelial Cell Function in the Microcirculation in Kawasaki Syndrome

Noninvasive Determination of Endothelial Cell Function in the Microcirculation in Kawasaki Syndrome

Transdermal iontophoresis as an in-vivo technique for studying microvascular physiology

Cutaneous Vasodilator and Vasoconstrictor Mechanisms in Temperature Regulation

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