The Effect of Iron Deficiency Anemia on Intelligence Quotient (IQ) in under 17 Years Old Students

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of iron deficiency on intelligence of 11-17 years students. This study conducted on the 540 students (11-17 years) that educated at guidance and high school of Boroujerd city. Laboratory investigations were included serum iron, TIBC (total iron binding capacity) and ferretin. Riven matrix was used in order to determine intelligence quotient. Data were analyzed using SPSS 13 and chi2 and t-tests. Results showed that 78 (14.4%) students had iron deficiency and 14 (25.9%) had iron deficiency anemia. There was no significant difference between different sexes for iron deficiency distribution (p > 0.05), while iron deficiency anemia was significantly higher in girls as compared with boys (p > 0.05). Mean quotient was 115 +/- 12.1 in iron deficiency students, while it was 113.7 +/- 13.9 in patients without iron deficiency. There was also no significant difference between normal and iron deficient students for intelligence quotient (p > 0.05).

Kadar Hemoglobin dan Kecerdasan Intelektual Anak

“…Besi adalah salah satu zat yang sangat penting sebagai sistem transmiter elektron pada mitokondria dan dibutuhkan dalam sintesis mielin. 6,7 Anemia dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak yang berdampak serius dalam jangka panjang karena pada anemia asupan oksigen ke seluruh tubuh menjadi terganggu. Selain itu, asupan oksigen yang terganggu juga menyebabkan masalah neurologis dan gangguan perilaku seperti aktivitas fisik motorik, interaksi sosial, dan gangguan konsentrasi.…”

“…7 Selain itu, besi adalah salah satu zat yang sangat penting sebagai sistem transmiter elektron pada mitokondria sehingga kekurangan zat besi akan menyebabkan menurunnya sitokrom dalam mitokondria yang akan menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan, bahkan abnormalitas pertumbuhan termasuk di dalamnya adalah kecerdasan intelektual pada anak-anak yang menderita defisiensi zat besi. 6 Beberapa penelitian tentang anemia defisiensi zat besi dan pengaruh terhadap perkembangan kognitif anakanak dikaitkan pula dengan keadaan sosial ekonomi keluarga sejak proses prakonsepsi. 13 Kejadian anemia defisiensi besi banyak terjadi pada anak-anak di negara berkembang dengan prevalensi 50%.…”

“…13 Kejadian anemia defisiensi besi banyak terjadi pada anak-anak di negara berkembang dengan prevalensi 50%. 6 Begitu berpengaruhnya kejadian anemia terhadap kecerdasan intelektual anak seharusnya mendapatkan perhatian yang cukup serius dari pemerintah. Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara berkembang tentu memiliki masalah yang cukup serius terkait kasus anemia defisiensi besi dari masa pranikah sampai dengan perkembangan anak-anak yang telah dilahirkan dan mengalami anemia pula.…”

The Effect of Iron Deficiency on Intelligence Quotient in Eight- to Eleven-Year-Old Students of Zanjan, Iran

“…According to the world health organization (WHO), anemia is seen in one-fourth of the world's population with the iron deficiency being the most common cause (1). Iron deficiency is also the most common nutrient deficiency in the world and its prevalence in developing countries is up to 50% (2,3). The role of iron in the brain could be explained by the fact that many enzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) are iron dependent, and iron could play an important role in dopaminergic pathways and in early myelination of the CNS (3)(4)(5).…”

“…Iron deficiency is also the most common nutrient deficiency in the world and its prevalence in developing countries is up to 50% (2,3). The role of iron in the brain could be explained by the fact that many enzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) are iron dependent, and iron could play an important role in dopaminergic pathways and in early myelination of the CNS (3)(4)(5). The learning deficits in adulthood may be due to abnormal hippocampal structure and plasticity, which could be affected by iron deficiency (2).…”