The effect of iron on Chilean Alexandrium catenella growth and paralytic shellfish toxin production as related to algal blooms

Yarimizu, Kyoko; Mardones, Jorge I.; Paredes-Mella, Javier; Norambuena, Luis; Carrano, Carl J.; Maruyama, Fumito

doi:10.1007/s10534-021-00349-2

Cited by 3 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Decrease in Fe leads to increased PSP toxin content and PSP toxicity per cell, and changes in the PSP toxin profile of Alexandrium tamarense [212]. Interestingly, a gradient of Fe concentrations tested on A. catenella and A. minutum revealed the highest toxin levels were observed not in the lowest Fe treatment tested but at the most optimal [197,209]. Comparison between the three studies shows that the highest PSP toxin concentration per cell was observed at 1 nmol L −1 Fe for A. tamarense, while it was at 1000 nmol L −1 Fe for A. catenella [209,212].…”

Section: Iron (Fe)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Cu, Sn (as butyltin) [206] Cu, Cd [207] Zn, Pb [208] Fe [209] Co (Vitamin B 12 ) [204] Alexandrium minutum Fe, Cu [197] Se [210] Cu [211] Co (Vitamin B 12 ) [204] Table 2. Cont.…”

Section: Species Metals Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bottle experiments show that decreasing Fe concentrations causes a decrease in physiological activities related to growth and proliferation. Specifically, Fe depletion or low Fe conditions have been observed to decrease cell density and growth rate on freshwater Microcystis aeruginosa [212,248,254,255,264] and Gonyostomum semen [249,250] and marine HAB species Alexandrium minutum [197,212], Alexandrium catenella [209], Protoceratium reticulatum [234], Pseudo-nitzschia australis [236], Chattonella antiqua [218], Heterosigma akashiwo [218], Heterocapsa circularisquama [218], Scrippsiella trochoidea [242], and Gymnodinium sanguineum [229,230]. Interestingly, synergistic effects of Fe and humic compounds in improving growth rates have been established for M. aeruginosa [264].…”

Section: Iron (Fe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, synergistic effects of Fe and humic compounds in improving growth rates have been established for M. aeruginosa [264]. Nevertheless, elevated Fe concentrations can still result in toxicity for certain HAB species [209,212]. The role of Fe in enzymes essential for photosynthetic activities and various metabolic processes, including nutrient uptake and assimilation, underscore its significance in the universal requirements of phytoplankton for Fe [94,171].…”

Section: Iron (Fe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Trace Metals in Phytoplankton: Requirements, Function, and Composition in Harmful Algal Blooms

Manic,

Redil,

Rodriguez

2024

Sustainability

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In a constantly changing environment brought about by the climate crisis and escalated anthropogenic perturbations driven by the growing population, harmful algal bloom dynamics and their impacts are expected to shift, necessitating adaptive management strategies and comprehensive research efforts. Similar to primary productivity, HABs have been thought to be driven primarily by major nutrients such as N, P, and Si. However, recent investigations on the role and importance of micronutrients as limiting factors in aquatic environments have been highlighted. This paper provides a review of metal and phytoplankton interactions, with a specific emphasis on pertinent information on the influence of trace nutrients on growth, toxin production, and other underlying mechanisms related to the dynamics of HABs. Low to near-depleted levels of essential nutrients, including Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Co, and Mo, negatively impact cell growth and proliferation of various marine and freshwater HAB species. However, evidence shows that at elevated levels, these trace elements, along with other non-essential ones, could still cause toxic effects to certain HAB species manifested by decreased photosynthetic activities, oxidative stress, ultrastructure damage, and cyst formation. Interestingly, while elevated levels of these metals mostly result in increased toxin production, Co (i.e., yessotoxins, gymnodimine, and palytoxins) and Mn (i.e., isodomoic acid, okadaic and diol esters) enrichments revealed otherwise. In addition to toxin production, releasing dissolved organic matter (DOM), including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humic substances, was observed as an adaptation strategy, since these organic compounds have been proven to chelate metals in the water column, thereby reducing metal-induced toxicity. Whilst current research centers on free metal toxicity of specific essential elements such as Cu and Zn, a comprehensive account of how trace metals contribute to the growth, toxin production, and other metabolic processes under conditions reflective of in situ scenarios of HAB-prone areas would yield new perspectives on the roles of trace metals in HABs. With the growing demands of the global population for food security and sustainability, substantial pressure is exerted on the agriculture and aquaculture sector, highlighting the need for effective communication of information regarding the interactions of macro- and micronutrients with HABs to improve existing policies and practices.

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Section: Iron (Fe)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Cu, Sn (as butyltin) [206] Cu, Cd [207] Zn, Pb [208] Fe [209] Co (Vitamin B 12 ) [204] Alexandrium minutum Fe, Cu [197] Se [210] Cu [211] Co (Vitamin B 12 ) [204] Table 2. Cont.…”

Section: Species Metals Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iron (Fe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iron (Fe)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Trace Metals in Phytoplankton: Requirements, Function, and Composition in Harmful Algal Blooms

Manic,

Redil,

Rodriguez

2024

Sustainability

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show abstract

“…On the other hand, a high concentration of Fe reduced the total toxicity levels to 10.4 fmol/cell (10 µM) compared to 33.6 fmol/cell (1 µM) [80]. This suggests that Fe influences the particular growth rate, cellular biochemical composition, and the synthesis of the toxins in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium [48]. In addition, Cu induced toxin production via modulating the growth rate and photosynthetic activity concentration dependently in dinoflagellate A. minutum [82].…”

Section: Miscellaneousmentioning

confidence: 98%

Environmental Factors Modulate Saxitoxins (STXs) Production in Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium: An Updated Review of STXs and Synthesis Gene Aspects

Bui,

Pradhan,

Kim

et al. 2024

Toxins

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The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium is known to form harmful algal blooms (HABs) and produces saxitoxin (STX) and its derivatives (STXs) that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans. Cell growth and cellular metabolism are affected by environmental conditions, including nutrients, temperature, light, and the salinity of aquatic systems. Abiotic factors not only engage in photosynthesis, but also modulate the production of toxic secondary metabolites, such as STXs, in dinoflagellates. STXs production is influenced by a variety of abiotic factors; however, the relationship between the regulation of these abiotic variables and STXs accumulation seems not to be consistent, and sometimes it is controversial. Few studies have suggested that abiotic factors may influence toxicity and STXs-biosynthesis gene (sxt) regulation in toxic Alexandrium, particularly in A. catenella, A. minutum, and A. pacificum. Hence, in this review, we focused on STXs production in toxic Alexandrium with respect to the major abiotic factors, such as temperature, salinity, nutrients, and light intensity. This review informs future research on more sxt genes involved in STXs production in relation to the abiotic factors in toxic dinoflagellates.

show abstract

Trace Metals in Phytoplankton: Requirements, Function, and Composition in Harmful Algal Blooms

Manic,

Redil,

Rodriguez

2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In a constantly changing environment brought about by the climate crisis and escalated anthropogenic perturbations driven by the growing population, harmful algal bloom dynamics and their impacts are expected to shift, necessitating adaptive management strategies and comprehensive research efforts. Similar to primary productivity, HABs have been thought to be driven primarily by major nutrients such as N, P, and Si. However, recent investigations on the role and importance of micronutrients as limiting factors in aquatic environments have been highlighted. This paper provides a review of metal and phytoplankton interactions, with a specific emphasis on pertinent information on the influence of trace nutrients on growth, toxin production, and other underlying mechanisms related to the dynamics of HABs. Low to near-depleted levels of essential nutrients including Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Co, and Mo, negatively impact cell growth and proliferation of various marine and freshwater HAB species. However, evidence shows that at elevated levels, these trace elements along with other non-essential ones, could still cause toxic effects to certain HAB species manifested by decreased photosynthetic activities, oxidative stress, ultrastructure damage, and cyst formation. Interestingly, while elevated levels of these metals mostly result in increased toxin production, Co (i.e., yessotoxins, gymnodimine, and palytoxins) and Mn (i.e., isodomoic acid, okadaic and diol esters) enrichments revealed otherwise. In addition to toxin production, releasing dissolved organic matter (DOM) including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and humic substances was observed as an adaptation strategy, since these organic compounds have been proven to chelate metals in the water column, thereby reducing metal-induced toxicity. Whilst current research center on free metal toxicity of specific essential elements such as in Cu and Zn, a comprehensive account of how trace metals contribute to the growth, toxin production, and other metabolic processes under conditions reflective of in-situ scenarios of HAB-prone areas, would yield new perspectives on the roles of trace metals in HABs. With the growing demands of the global population for food security and sustainability, substantial pressure is exerted on the agriculture and aquaculture sector, highlighting the need for effective communication of information regarding the interactions of macro- and micronutrients with HABs to improve existing policies and practices.

show abstract

The effect of iron on Chilean Alexandrium catenella growth and paralytic shellfish toxin production as related to algal blooms

Cited by 3 publications

References 58 publications

Trace Metals in Phytoplankton: Requirements, Function, and Composition in Harmful Algal Blooms

Trace Metals in Phytoplankton: Requirements, Function, and Composition in Harmful Algal Blooms

Environmental Factors Modulate Saxitoxins (STXs) Production in Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium: An Updated Review of STXs and Synthesis Gene Aspects

Trace Metals in Phytoplankton: Requirements, Function, and Composition in Harmful Algal Blooms

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