The Effect of Loss and Trauma on Substance Use Behavior in Individuals Seeking Support Services After the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

Pfefferbaum, Betty; Vinekar, Shreekumar; Trautman, Richard; Lensgraf, S. Jay; Reddy, C. C.; Patel, Nilam; Ford, Andria L.

doi:10.3109/10401230209149095

Cited by 42 publications

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“…Prior trauma (AHR = 1.80), PTSD (AHR = 4.26), and PTSD in the traumaexposed subsample (AHR = 2.84), even after also controlling for trauma-related characteristics (e.g., trauma type, repeated trauma exposure; AHR = 2.50), all increased the likelihood of later age of onset of nicotine dependence. Pfefferbaum et al, 2002 Multivariate Analysis of Variance Smokers who increased use after the attack reported higher level pf PTSD symptoms (M = 68.5) than those who did not increase (M = 35.5) and nonsmokers (M = 50.0).Smokers who increased smoking also reported significantly greater functional impairment (M = 1.8) compared to smokers who did not increase (M = 0.5) and nonsmokers (M = 0.9), which did not significantly differ. Finally, participants who reported an increase in either smoking or drinking (N = 21), compared to all others (N = 63), endorsed higher levels of peritraumatic reactions, grief, posttraumatic stress symptoms, worry about safety, and functional impairment.…”

Section: Author(s)/ Year Analytic Approach Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the second study, individuals seeking crisis intervention after the Oklahoma City bombing were studied (Pfefferbaum et al, 2002). A questionnaire was used to measure traumatic event exposure.…”

Section: Retrospectively-reported Changes In Smoking Behavior After Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traumatic event exposure was indexed via self-report of eight possible consequences of the bombing (e.g., personal injury, death of a family member) and post-traumatic response was measured via six self-report items of PTSD-like symptoms (e.g., loss of interest, emotional numbing, feeling easily startled), four questions about intrusive thoughts or avoidance of reminders of the bombing, and general distress since the bombing. While inferential statistics were not reported, Oklahoma City residents reported higher rates of traumatic event exposure, PTSD symptoms, smoking, increased smoking, and smoking initiation than the control area.In the second study, individuals seeking crisis intervention after the Oklahoma City bombing were studied (Pfefferbaum et al, 2002). A questionnaire was used to measure traumatic event exposure.…”

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Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Feldner¹,

Babson²,

Zvolensky³

2007

Clinical Psychology Review

233

184

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The current review critically examines the extant empirical literature focused on the associations among cigarette smoking, trauma, and posttraumatic stress. Inspection of the extant literature suggests smoking rates are significantly higher among persons exposed to a traumatic event relative to those without such exposure. Moreover, smoking rates appear particularly high among persons with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In terms of the direction of this relation, evidence most clearly suggests posttraumatic stress is involved in the development of smoking. Significantly less is known about the role of trauma and PTSD in terms of cessation outcome. Limitations of extant work, clinical implications, and key directions for future study are delineated. Keywordssmoking; posttraumatic stress; comorbidity; trauma; PTSD Cigarette smoking continues to be one of the leading preventable causes of death and disease in the U.S., resulting in healthcare costs that rank among the highest in the country [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), 2004]. Large-scale efforts targeting smoking cessation have helped address this problem (USDHHS, 2000), but the negative impact of smoking is still widely evident. For example, more than 1 in 5 (22%) adults [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2004] and almost 1 in 4 (24%) youth (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2004) in the U.S. currently smoke. Moreover, though smokers often are motivated to quit, the majority (approximately 90-95% of self-quitters and 60-80% of those in treatment programs) relapse (Cohen et al., 1989). Scholars have suggested smokers who fail at quitting may have unique attributes that increase their probability of smoking (Hughes, 1993;Pomerleau, 1997). Although various characteristics may increase the risk of relapse (e.g., heavier smoking levels), psychological disorders and related vulnerability factors have increasingly been recognized as playing a prominent role in quit success (Hughes, 1993;Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005; Zvolensky, Bernstein, Marshall, & Feldner, in press).Smokers with anxiety disorders represent a common, albeit understudied, segment of the smoking population who are at heightened risk for relapse . For example, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Matthew T. Feldner, Intervention Sciences Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Department of Psychology, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, 479-575-4256 (phone), 479-575-3219 (facsimile). Electronic mail may be sent to mfeldne@uark.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the jo...

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Section: Author(s)/ Year Analytic Approach Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Retrospectively-reported Changes In Smoking Behavior After Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Feldner¹,

Babson²,

Zvolensky³

2007

Clinical Psychology Review

233

184

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“…Women with a lifetime history of assault were found to be 1.8 times more likely to be active smokers. 64 Furthermore, studies of two major traumatic events found increased smoking among individuals who sought treatment -after the Oklahoma bombings 65 and among residents of Manhattan after the 9/11 attacks. 66 This link, between smoking and traumatic experience, warrants further exploration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do young women smoke? I. Direct and interactive effects of environment, psychological characteristics and nicotinic cholinergic receptor genes

Greenbaum¹,

Kanyas²,

Karni³

et al. 2005

Mol Psychiatry

102

136

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Despite the health hazards, cigarette smoking is disproportionately frequent among young women. A significant contribution of genetic factors to smoking phenotypes is well established. Efforts to identify susceptibility genes do not generally take into account possible interaction with environment, life experience and psychological characteristics. We recruited 501 female Israeli students aged 20-30 years, obtained comprehensive background data and details of cigarette smoking and administered a battery of psychological instruments. Smoking initiators (n = 242) were divided into subgroups with high (n = 127) and low (n = 115) levels of nicotine dependence based on their scores on the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and genotyped with noninitiators (n = 142) for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 11 nicotinic cholinergic receptor genes. We found nominally significant (P < 0.05) allelic and genotypic association with smoking initiation of SNP rs2072660 and multilocus haplotypes (P < 0.007-0.05) in CHRNB2 and nominal (P < 0.05) allelic or genotypic association of SNPs in CHRNA7 (rs1909884), CHRNA9 (rs4861065) and CHRNB3 (rs9298629) with nicotine dependence. Employing logistic regression and controlling for known risk factors, the bestfitting model for smoking initiation encompassed a 5 SNP haplotype in CHRNB2, neuroticism and novelty seeking (P = 5.9 Â 10 À14 , Nagelkerke r 2 = 0.30). For severity of nicotine dependence, two SNPs in CHRNA7 (rs1909884 and rs883473), one SNP in CHRNA5 (rs680244) and the interaction of a SNP in CHRNA7 (rs2337980) with neuroticism, were included in the model (P = 2.24 Â 10 À7 , Nagelkerke r 2 = 0.40). These findings indicate that background factors, psychological characteristics and genetic variation in nicotinic cholinergic receptors contribute independently or interactively to smoking initiation and to severity of nicotine dependence in young women.

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“…The majority of this research examined the effect of the bombing on levels and severity of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD), showing increases in PTSD connected to direct and indirect exposure to the bombing [i.e., North et al, 1999;Pfefferbaum et al, 1999Pfefferbaum et al, , 2000Tucker et al, 2000Tucker et al, , 2002. Other research related to this bombing examined factors that predicted volunteer behavior [St. John and Fuchs, 2002], increases in drug use [i.e., Pfefferbaum et al, 2002], various coping strategies [Benight et al, 2000;Pargament et al, 1998], and the effect of media coverage on viewers [Pfefferbaum et al, , 2003. Despite the large amount of research centered around this event, no research examined the effects of the event on attitudes towards violence and war.…”

Section: Attitude Changes After Highly Publicized Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in attitudes towards war and violence after September 11, 2001

Carnagey

Anderson

2007

Aggressive Behavior

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Two inter-related studies examined the effect of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on attitudes towards war and violence. A three-wave between-subjects analysis revealed that attitudes towards war became more positive after September 11, 2001 and remained high over a year afterwards. Self-reported trait physical aggression also rose after September 11. Attitudes towards penal code violence (PCV) became more positive immediately after September 11, but were somewhat reduced a year afterward. A two-wave within subjects study revealed that war attitudes became even more positive at 2 months post-September 11. Attitudes towards PCV became less positive during this time period, but only for women. Other aggression-related attitudes were not affected in either study. These studies demonstrate that a large-scale event can change attitudes, but those attitudes must be directly relevant to the event.

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The Effect of Loss and Trauma on Substance Use Behavior in Individuals Seeking Support Services After the 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing

Cited by 42 publications

References 0 publications

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Why do young women smoke? I. Direct and interactive effects of environment, psychological characteristics and nicotinic cholinergic receptor genes

Changes in attitudes towards war and violence after September 11, 2001

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