The effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on cardiorespiratory function, coagulation, and lipids in exercising young women: A preliminary report

Notelovitz, Morris; Zauner, Chris; McKenzie, Lynda; Suggs, Yvonne; Fields, Carol; Kitchens, Craig S.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(87)90059-7

Cited by 48 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…As well, the type of contraceptive pill may have an effect on V O 2 peak . Our finding of an 11-13% decrease in V O 2 peak in moderately trained women after 4 mo of triphasic OCs is greater than the 7% decrease in V O 2 peak found in endurance-trained women with 6 mo of monophasic OCs (18). Moreover, C. M. Lebrun (unpublished observations) has observed a similar, small, but statistically significant decrease in V O 2 peak with triphasic OC use in athletic women.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 40%

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Effects of oral contraceptives on peak exercise capacity

Casazza

Suh

Miller

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

100

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.-We examined the effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive (OC) use on peak oxygen consumption (V O2 peak). Six moderately active, eumenorrheic women (25.5 Ϯ 1.5 yr) were studied before and after 4 mo of OC. Subjects were tested during the follicular and luteal phases before OC and the inactive and high-dose phases after OC. Before OC, there were no significant differences between the follicular and luteal phases in any of the variables studied. There were also no differences between the inactive and high-dose phases. Dietary composition, exercise patterns, and peak heart rate, minute ventilation, and respiratory exchange ratio did not change with OC use. However, OC use significantly (P Յ 0.05) increased body weight (59.6 Ϯ 2.3 to 61.2 Ϯ 2.6 kg) and fat mass (13.3 Ϯ 1.3 to 14.5 Ϯ 1.3 kg) and decreased V O2 peak (Ϫ11%, 2.53 Ϯ 0.21 to 2.25 Ϯ 0.18 l/min). In conclusion, 1) endogenous ovarian steroids have little effect on V O2 peak, but 2) the exogenous ovarian steroids in OC decrease peak exercise capacity in moderately physically active young women. menstrual cycle; sex hormones; oxygen consumption; physical fitness and exertion PARTICIPATION BY WOMEN IN both recreational and competitive sports has increased dramatically over the last two decades. In addition, the US Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health recommends that women of all ages, not just athletes, include a minimum of 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise on most days of the week (25). However, dietary energy insufficiency associated with high-intensity exercise training and competition can increase a woman's risk of experiencing an abnormal menstrual cycle (3, 13). Abnormal menstrual cycles, with chronically low ovarian hormones, may increase the risk for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures (7). Oral contraceptives (OCs) are used for birth control in normally menstruating young women, and, although controversial, OCs have been used to prevent bone loss in amenorrheic athletes (8,16). However, there is concern among athletes that these exogenous ovarian hormones affect exercise performance.Peak oxygen consumption (V O 2 peak ) is considered the "standard" for assessing aerobic exercise capacity (23), and V O 2 peak in women could vary owing to ovarian hormone influences on stroke volume, pulmonary minute ventilation, oxygen-carrying capacity, blood flow, and muscle oxygen utilization. Although the cyclic endogenous ovarian hormone fluctuations across the normal menstrual cycle do not appear to affect V O 2 peak (1, 6, 12), low-dose administration of exogenous estrogen and progesterone may have a greater influence on exercise capacity. Only a few studies have examined the effects of exogenous steroids on exercise performance by use of longitudinal study designs. Although short-term OC use (21 days) did not affect V O 2 peak (2), 6 mo of monophasic OC use was associated with a significant decrease in V O 2 peak in endurancetrained women (18).To our knowledge, no longitudinal studies have examined peak exercise capaci...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 40%

“…Only a few studies have examined the effects of exogenous steroids on exercise performance by use of longitudinal study designs. Although short-term OC use (21 days) did not affect V O 2 peak (2), 6 mo of monophasic OC use was associated with a significant decrease in V O 2 peak in endurancetrained women (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Effects of oral contraceptives on peak exercise capacity

Casazza

Suh

Miller

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

100

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“…Many studies have shown that OC use results in a significant reduction in maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) in non-athletic women after 2-6 months use 53,[58][59][60][61][62] which is reversed when OC use is terminated 58,60 . is may be due to a reduced activation of the sympathetic nervous system in ovarian suppressed women 63 or a reduction in mitochondrial citrate 58 .…”

Section: Is Oxygen Uptake Affected By Hormonal Contraceptive Use?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Combined oral contraceptive use may reduce VO 2max although this is less apparent in trained athletes [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65] .…”

Section: Oxygen Uptakementioning

confidence: 99%

A perspective on current research investigating the effects of hormonal contraceptives on determinants of female athlete performance

Martín

Elliott‐Sale

2016

Rev. bras. educ. fís. esporte

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“…Exogenous progesterone administration has also been associated with increased core body temperature [8]. Data also suggest that during the luteal phase (days [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], when estradiol and progesterone levels are elevated, lactate production is decreased in response to exercise [9]. Exogenous administration of progesterone has been linked to increases in ventilation and administration of combined oral contraceptives can decrease fasting blood glucose levels and increase serum triglycerides [10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Contraceptive Use May Attenuate Menstrual Cycle-Induced Ventilatory Changes in Endurance Trained Runners

Packard¹

2011

TOSMJ

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Abstract:The relationship between two menstrual cycle phases and cardio respiratory fitness in athletes on oral contraceptives and not on oral contraceptives was assessed in a pilot study. Twelve endurance-trained college cross country runners underwent maximal oxygen consumption treadmill testing, during the late follicular/ovulatory phase and late luteal/premenstrual phase of their menstrual cycle. No significant differences were detected in maximal oxygen consumption between the oral contraceptive group and non-oral contraceptive group or between the two phases. There was a non-significant phase effect in the non-oral contraceptive group with maximal ventilation averaging 90.5±14.6 L/min during the late follicular/ovulatory phase and decreasing to 79.1±9.8 L/min during the late luteal/premenstrual phase (p=0.102). Maximal ventilation was significantly lower by 15.6% between oral contraceptive and non-oral contraceptive users during the late luteal/premenstrual phase (93.7+7.2 L/min vs 79.1+9.8 L/min, p=0.014, respectively). There was no significant phase effect in the oral contraceptive group for maximal ventilation. While oral contraceptive use was associated with an attenuation of the negative effect of the late luteal/premenstrual phase on ventilator performance, there was no effect on maximal oxygen consumption.

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The effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on cardiorespiratory function, coagulation, and lipids in exercising young women: A preliminary report

Cited by 48 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of oral contraceptives on peak exercise capacity

Effects of oral contraceptives on peak exercise capacity

A perspective on current research investigating the effects of hormonal contraceptives on determinants of female athlete performance

Oral Contraceptive Use May Attenuate Menstrual Cycle-Induced Ventilatory Changes in Endurance Trained Runners

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