The Effect of Maltreatment Type on Adolescent Executive Functioning and Inner Speech

Kirke-Smith, Mimi; Henry, Lucy A.; Messer, David

doi:10.1002/icd.1951

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…A total of 106 relevant articles were included; however, 15 articles were identified as redundant in the presence of more relevant articles that used the same sample. After the removal of redundancies, 91 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Eleven of these articles were identified from the references of included articles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Early-Life Threat and Deprivation With Executive Functioning in Childhood and Adolescence

Johnson

Policelli

et al. 2021

JAMA Pediatr

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IMPORTANCEMany studies have demonstrated an association between early-life adversity (ELA) and executive functioning in children and adolescents. However, the aggregate magnitude of this association is unknown in the context of threat and deprivation types of adversity and various executive functioning domains.OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that experiences of deprivation are more strongly associated with reduced executive functioning compared with experiences of threat during childhood and adolescence.DATA SOURCES Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo databases were searched from inception to December 31, 2020. Both forward and reverse snowball citation searches were performed to identify additional articles.STUDY SELECTION Articles were selected for inclusion if they (1) had a child and/or adolescent sample, (2) included measures of ELA, (3) measured executive functioning, (4) evaluated the association between adversity and executive functioning, (5) were published in a peer-reviewed journal, and (6) were published in the English language. No temporal or geographic limits were set. A 2-reviewer, blinded screening process was conducted.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS PRISMA guidelines were used to guide data extraction and article diagnostics (for heterogeneity, small study bias, and p-hacking). Article quality was assessed, and data extraction was performed by multiple independent observers. A 3-level meta-analytic model with a restricted maximum likelihood method was used. Moderator analyses were conducted to explore heterogeneity. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESPrimary outcomes included measures of the 3 domains of executive functioning: cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and working memory.RESULTS A total of 91 articles were included, representing 82 unique cohorts and 31 188 unique individuals. Deprivation, compared with threat, was associated with significantly lower inhibitory control (F 1,90 = 5.69; P = .02) and working memory (F 1,54 = 5.78; P = .02). No significant difference was observed for cognitive flexibility (F 1,36 = 2.38; P = .12). The pooled effect size of the association of inhibitory control with deprivation was stronger (Hedges g = −0.43; 95% CI, −0.57 to −0.29) compared with threat (Hedges g = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.46 to −0.08). The pooled effect size of the association of working memory with deprivation was stronger (Hedges g = −0.54; 95% CI, −0.75 to −0.33) compared with threat (Hedges g = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.51 to −0.05).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Experiences of both threat and deprivation in childhood and adolescence were associated with reduced executive functioning, but the association was stronger for exposure to deprivation. Efforts to address the consequences of ELA for development should consider the associations between specific dimensions of adversity and specific developmental outcomes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Early-Life Threat and Deprivation With Executive Functioning in Childhood and Adolescence

Johnson

Policelli

et al. 2021

JAMA Pediatr

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“…Switching often had lower factor loadings than the other variables. In previous research involving comparisons of typically developing young people and those with disabilities, significant differences between these groups have been reported in Working Memory and Inhibition, but often there was no significant difference in Switching (e.g., Kirke‐Smith et al, 2016). Consequently, it may be that switching is less central to a range of EF abilities at this age or that our measures of switching are less appropriate (Xu et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The structure of executive functioning in 11 to 14 year olds with and without special educational needs

Messer

Kearvell-White

Danielsson

et al. 2022

British J of Dev Psycho

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The structure and development of executive functioning (EF) have been intensively studied in typically developing populations, with little attention given to those with Special Educational Needs (SEN). This study addresses this by comparing the EF structure of 132 adolescents (11–14 years‐old) with SEN and 138 adolescents not requiring additional support (Non‐SEN peers). Participants completed verbal and non‐verbal assessments of key components of EF: inhibition, working memory and switching. Confirmatory Factor Analysis on each group tested one‐, two‐ and three‐factor models of EF. In both groups, there was statistical support for the fit of one‐ and two‐factor models with no model being clearly better than the others; there was little support for three‐factor models. Parsimony suggests that the one‐factor model best represents the structure of EF. In light of our results, the implications for the nature of EF in early adolescence in both SEN and Non‐SEN groups are discussed.

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“…Another meta-analysis revealed that through affecting the left hemisphere of the brain, rTMS reduces medication-resistant auditory hallucinations and can be considered as an effective treatment option for afflicted patients (14). Similarly, several studies found the effectiveness of rTMS in significantly reducing auditory hallucinations and inner speech and improving working memory among patients with schizophrenia (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of highfrequency rTMS on auditory hallucinations and working memory among patients with schizophrenia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Moreover, a study reported the effectiveness of rTMS in significantly improving working memory and alleviating mood symptoms among patients with bipolar disorder (13). Another meta-analysis revealed that through affecting the left hemisphere of the brain, rTMS reduces medication-resistant auditory hallucinations and can be considered as an effective treatment option for afflicted patients (14). Similarly, several studies found the effectiveness of rTMS in significantly reducing auditory hallucinations and inner speech and improving working memory among patients with schizophrenia (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on auditory hallucinations and working memory among patients with schizophrenia

2021

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Background and aims: Schizophrenia is one of the most complicated psychiatric disorders. Some afflicted patients show resistance to routine treatments. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique with the potential to reduce symptoms among patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-frequency rTMS on auditory hallucinations and working memory among patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This experimental study was conducted using a pretest-posttest controlled design. The statistical population of the study consisted of all patients with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations who referred to the outpatient psychiatric emergency department of Imam Hossein hospital, Tehran, Iran, in 2019. In total, twelve eligible patients were recruited through convenience sampling and randomly allocated to a control and an intervention group. Participants in the intervention group individually received rTMS in ten sessions, while their counterparts in the control group received no intervention during the study. Data were collected using the diagnostic interview, the screening questionnaire for rTMS, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia, the Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire, and the Working Memory Measure. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance. Results: The posttest mean score of auditory hallucination in the intervention group was significantly less than the control group, while the posttest mean score of working memory in the intervention group was significantly greater than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests the effectiveness of rTMS in significantly reducing auditory hallucinations and improving working memory among patients with schizophrenia.

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The Effect of Maltreatment Type on Adolescent Executive Functioning and Inner Speech

Cited by 10 publications

References 41 publications

Associations of Early-Life Threat and Deprivation With Executive Functioning in Childhood and Adolescence

Associations of Early-Life Threat and Deprivation With Executive Functioning in Childhood and Adolescence

The structure of executive functioning in 11 to 14 year olds with and without special educational needs

The effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on auditory hallucinations and working memory among patients with schizophrenia

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