Reduction of bromoauric acid by ascorbic acid in the presence of crude soybean lecithin produced a mixture of spherical and triangular prismatic nanoparticles while higher purity phosphatidylcholine (PC) produced only spherical nanoparticles. The triangular prismatic nanoparticles made with lecithin had an average edge length of 90 nm and a localized surface plasmon resonance between 700 and 1050 nm, depending on the synthetic conditions used. Although crude soy lecithin is composed of 75% PC and phosphatidylethanolamine, additional lipids and other small molecules are present. Preparatory gel electrophoresis was used to separate the different nanoparticle shapes and phosphatidic acid (PA) was identified as bound to the triangular prismatic nanoparticles by mass spectrometry of the gel-purified nanoprisms. Furthermore, PA proved essential to the asymmetric growth. When bromoauric acid was reduced by ascorbic acid using a mixture of pure PA and pure PC, triangular prismatic gold nanoparticles also resulted, confirming the role of PA and providing a second route to these near infrared active nanoparticles. Nanoparticles prepared in soy lecithin or PA-PC mixtures exhibited extended stability with no aggregation after months of storage, in contrast to nanoparticles prepared in pure PC. These nanoparticles were prepared without the use of the alkyl ammonium salts that have limited in vivo applications with other asymmetric gold nanoparticles. This is a versatile synthetic method providing stable, shape-controlled gold nanoparticles using a mild reducing agent and soy lecithin as an environmentally benign ligand source.
Nano impactPlant-derived lipids have the potential to function as versatile, environmentally benign ligands for nanoparticle synthesis, although the complex chemistry of the lipids must be understood in order to use them effectively. This work adds to the growing list of nanoparticle syntheses performed using renewable, plant-derived ligands in place of fossil fuel derived chemicals. This synthetic route provides control over the shape and the optical properties of the gold nanoparticles, making the resultant materials useful for biomedical, catalytic, and photonic applications. One critical impact of this work comes from the identification of a specific molecular component in soy lecithin that is responsible for causing asymmetric growth. Through this molecular level understanding it becomes possible to optimize the nanoparticle synthesis both from the perspective of the desired application of the nanoparticles and from the perspective of the environmental impact of their synthesis.