The effect of mild hypothermia plus rutin on the treatment of spinal cord injury and inflammatory factors by repressing TGF-β/smad pathway

Abstract

To probe the mechanism of mild hypothermia combined with rutin in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: Thirty rats were randomized into the following groups: control, sham, model, mild hypothermia (MH), and mild hypothermia plus rutin (MH+Rutin). We used modified Allen's method to injure the spinal cord (T10) in rats, and then treated it with MH or/ and rutin immediately. BBB scores were performed on all rats. We used HE staining for observing the injured spinal cord tissue; ELISA for assaying TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents; Dihydroethidium (DHE) for measuring the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content; flow cytometry for detecting apoptosis; and both RT-qPCR and Western blot for determining the expression levels of TGF-β/Smad pathway related proteins (TGF-β, Smad2, and Smad3). Results: In comparison with model group, the BBB score of MH increased to a certain extent and MH+Rutin group increased more than MH group (p < 0.05). After treatment with MH and MH+Rutin, the inflammatory infiltration diminished. MH and MH+Rutin tellingly dwindled TNF-α, MDA and ROS contents (p < 0.01), and minified spinal cord cell apoptosis. MH and MH+Rutin could patently diminished TGF-β1, Smad2, and Smad3 expression (p < 0.01). Conclusion:MH+Rutin can suppress the activation of TGF-β/Smad pathway, hence repressing the cellular inflammatory response after SCI.

Loading rutin on surfaces by the layer-by-layer assembly technique to improve the oxidation resistance and osteogenesis of titanium implants in osteoporotic rats

“…We believe that this effect may be attributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and osteogenic properties of the multilayer HA/CS-RT coating. Both rutin and chitosan have been suggested to alter multiple signalling pathways involved in osteogenesis and inflammation, including the BMP2/RUNX2, NRF-2/NF-κB, TGF-β/smad and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways [41,59,60]. However, more analysis of these signalling pathways is needed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to the effects seen in our study.…”

Total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves protect spinal motor neurons via promotion of autophagy after spinal cord injury

“…Naringenin can exert neuroprotective effects by inducing neurotrophic factors and suppressing the apoptotic pathways ( Abbaszadeh et al, 2020 ). Rutin can repress the cellular inflammatory response after SCI through suppressing the activation of TGF-β/Smad pathway ( Yao et al, 2021 ). Luteolin can suppress oxidative stress and preserve mitochondrial function after SCI through signaling pathways involving Nrf2 activation and downstream gene expression ( Fu et al, 2021 ).…”

TGF‐β signaling pathway in spinal cord injury: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential

“…Sha et al demonstrated in a rat SCI model that apoptosis in SCI was mitigated by inhibiting the TGF‐β/Smad2 signaling pathway (Sha et al, 2017). Other studies have also shown that inhibiting the TGF‐β signaling pathway can reduce the cellular inflammatory response following SCI (Yao et al, 2021). In addition, it has a similar effect in other diseases.…”

“…Flavonoids are widely found in natural plants, having the following properties of antioxidation, anti‐inflammation, anti‐tumor, and anti‐fibrosis (Wen et al, 2021). In both in vitro and in vivo models of SCI, myricetin (Lei, 2017), apigenin (Jin et al, 2022), and rutin (Yao et al, 2021) have been shown to inhibit inflammation or fibrous scarring by regulating the TGF‐β signaling pathway. Curcumin, which is a rhizome extracted in curcuma longa L, Inhibits TGF‐β Signaling Pathway to reduce glial scar formation (Yuan et al, 2019).…”