“…innovative changes and transformations in teaching and learning (Chans & Castro, 2021;Jdaitawi, 2020aJdaitawi, , 2020bJdaitawi et al, 2022aJdaitawi et al, , 2022b. More specifically, in science education, which is considered as one of the top disciplines in the world, learning through technology has become easier (Cagande & Jugar, 2018;Tsai et al, 2018), which is why educational institutions need to shift from a traditional educational environment to new educational methods, like gamification-based educational environments (Chan et al, 2017;Chans & Castro, 2021).…”