The effect of nano-scale topography on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells

Abstract

Background. Large bone defects resulting from trauma or disease pose a threat to humans. Thus far, tissue engineering as an important clinical approach uses cells, growth factors and scaffolds to regenerate large areas of damaged bone tissue. Since bone is a nanocomposite structure, it is assumed that nanomaterial scaffolds can induce or promote osteogenesis by mimicking the cell niche at nano level. Methods and Results. In this review we highlighted the effect of nano-scale topography on osteogenic differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) as potent cell candidates in bone engineered constructs. The key point in the induction of differentiation by nanomaterials is the discontinuity in their topography. This leads to alteration in protein adsorption and restriction of extracellular matrix deposition by the cells and consequently leads to changes in cell morphology and the frequency of accessible sites for cell adhesion. Here, we have reviewed the literature on the role of different types of nanomateial scaffolds in osteogenic differentiation of these cells. Since little is known about the underlying molecular networks induced by nanomaterials, we also reviewed possible underlying mechanisms of nanotopographical effects on the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Conclusions. Nano-scale materials provide a niche which is very similar to native bone in geometry and stiffness. Such nano-scale topographies improve the function of MSC-based engineered constructs in regeneration of bone defects.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: MicroRNA-15b shuttled by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles binds to WWP1 and promotes osteogenic differentiation

“…Osteoblasts are derived from the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in different regulatory processes [1]. Moreover, osteogenic differentiation of MSCs is a complex process, correlating to numerous environmental factors, like hormones and growth factors [2]. MSC osteogenic differentiation is pivotal for bone disease treatment and the repair of bone defect [3].…”

Synergistic effect of strontium, bioactive glass and nano‐hydroxyapatite promotes bone regeneration of critical‐sized radial bone defects

“…Incomplete regeneration of large bone segmental defects is associated with either the inadequate migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the defect site or the inability of the migrated MSCs to fully differentiate into osteogenic precursor cells . Differentiation of MSCs toward osteoblasts and other bone precursor cells is demanding in tissue engineering (TE) to successfully reconstruct large bone defects in vivo without any growth factors or osteogenic inducing medium . Various strategies that include physical stimuli (i.e., electrical and magnetic fields, heat treatment, mechanical forces, ultrasound, and laser irradiation), co‐culturing system, natural extracellular matrix and cytoplasmic extracts, small molecules, and genetic manipulation, have been used to direct the differentiation of MSCs into the osteogenic lineage .…”

Effect of Purmorphamine on Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Three-Dimensional Dynamic Culture System

“…Although small bone lesions heal autonomously, regeneration of large defects necessitate medical intervention. 13 Normally, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are good cell candidates to provide osteoblasts responsible for bone regeneration 12,15,34 ; the commitment to an osteo lineage is a complex process for which the fate of cells is strictly controlled by numerous hormones and growth factors. 11,25,26,38 Recently, a small molecule termed 2,6,9-trisubstituted purine or purmorphamine, as an agonist of sonic hedgehog (Shh) has gained a special position in the field of medicinal chemistry.…”