The effect of non-fluoride factors on risk of dental fluorosis: Evidence from rural populations of the Main Ethiopian Rift

Dental fluorosis and oral health in the African Esophageal Cancer Corridor: Findings from the Kenya ESCCAPE case–control study and a pan‐African perspective

“…Second, dental fluorosis may be a proxy for life‐long intake of water with naturally high fluoride levels, but the relevant ESCC carcinogenic effect comes from non‐fluoride constituents or properties of this water, such as its alkalinity, akin to the ESCC link to salt tea in Kashmir . Indeed, there are often chemicals co‐present in high‐fluoride water such as, further north in the Rift Valley, calcium, aluminum, copper and rubidium in Ethiopia . Third, we consider that the striking correlation between the severity of dental fluorosis and prevalence of oral leukoplakia, tooth loss and decay, which – of most relevance—was present in controls, suggests that a common oral cavity chronic irritation or oral microbiome alteration is most likely implicated.…”

“…30 Indeed, there are often chemicals co-present in high-fluoride water such as, further north in the Rift Valley, calcium, aluminum, copper and rubidium in Ethiopia. 31 Third, we consider that the striking correlation between the severity of dental fluorosis and prevalence of oral leukoplakia, tooth loss and decay, whichof most relevance-was present in controls, suggests that a common oral cavity chronic irritation or oral microbiome alteration is most likely implicated. This pathway is further supported by the restriction of the dental fluorosis-ESCC association to people who also had tooth loss or decay, and, albeit with limited power, the absence of such an association if tooth loss or decay was absent.…”

Nutritional status and dental fluorosis among schoolchildren in communities with different drinking water fluoride concentrations in a central region in Mexico

“…(Carrillo-Rivera et al, 2002, Varela-González et al, 2013, Huizar-Álvarez et al, 2014. There is some evidence to suggest that several contaminants present in drinking water, besides fluoride, have an impact on the severity of dental fluorosis, although this is a complex question because it is difficult to separate the effect of the different elements present in drinking water considering that its concentrations may be correlated (Selvam, 2015;Kravchenko et al, 2014). This is evident in the case of calcium which may have a protective effect against fluorosis, but frequently calcium-deficient waters correlate with high levels of fluoride (Rafique et al, 2015).…”

“…This is evident in the case of calcium which may have a protective effect against fluorosis, but frequently calcium-deficient waters correlate with high levels of fluoride (Rafique et al, 2015). Trace elements present in groundwater may affect the development of fluorosis Kravchenko et al, 2014). It is possible that the severity of fluorosis observed in the participating children was affected by the different elements present in the drinking water.…”

Sequential synergetic sorption analysis of Gracilaria Rhodophyta biochar toward aluminum and fluoride: A statistical optimization approach

“…Apart from this, man‐made destructive ecological practices like mining, petroleum refining, and agricultural chemicals have caused a noxious effect on the superiority of the accessible water sources (Fashola, Ngole‐Jeme, & Babalola, ). In this context, unhealthy drinking water turns out to be a serious issue throughout the globe, predominantly in parts of India, Africa, China, and South America owing to the contamination by hazardous materials like fluoride, lead, arsenic, mercury, alumina, and other pesticides (Kravchenko et al, ; Su, Wang, Xie, & Li, ). Monovalent fluoride (F − ) and aluminum (III) ions are recognized to be the prominent inorganic water contaminants amid the aforementioned pollutants (Momot & Synzynys, ; Raj & Shaji, ).…”