As unconventional
reserves, oil shale deposits require additional
oil recovery techniques to achieve favorable production levels. The
efficiency of a shale reservoir development project is highly dependent
on the application of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. There
are many studies devoted to discrete investigations of each EOR method.
Most of them claim that one particular method is particularly effective
in increasing oil recovery. Despite the wealth of such research, it
remains hard to say with certainty which technique would be the most
effective when applied in the extraction of unconventional reserves.
In this work, we aim to answer this question by means of a comparative
study. Three EOR methods were applied and analyzed in the same environment,
a single target objectan oil field in Western Siberia characterized
by ultra-low permeability (0.03 mD on average) and high organic content.
Methods involving huff-and-puff injection of a surfactant solution,
hydrocarbon gas, and hot water were studied using numerical reservoir
simulations based on preceding laboratory experiments. A single horizontal
well having undergone nine-stage hydraulic fracturing was used as
the field site model. The comparative calculations of cumulative oil
production over an 8-year period revealed that the injection of hot
(supercritical) water led to the highest oil recovery in the target
shale reservoir. Each EOR method was implemented using the best operation
scenario. All three cases resulted in an increase in cumulative oil
production compared to the depletion mode, though the efficiency was
distinctly different. Twenty-six percent more oil was obtained after
hot water injection, 16% after hydrocarbon gas, and 12% after a surfactant
solution. Simulation of a hot water huff-and-puff operation over a
longer period (43 years) led to a level of oil production 3 times
higher than depletion. The drawbacks of each EOR method on the shale
site are discussed in the results. A possible solution was proposed
for preventing the negative effects of heat loss and water blockage
incurred from hot water injection. The comparative study concludes
that hot water injection should lead to the highest volume of oil
recovery. The conclusions drawn are suggested to be relevant for similar
shale fields.