The effect of osmolality and carbohydrate content on the rate of gastric emptying of liquids in man.

Vist, Gunn Elisabeth; Maughan, Ronald J.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020831

Cited by 193 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This makes it difficult to estimate reductions in total extracellular fluid volume, but, if the reduction in total extracellular fluid was similar to the decrease in plasma 0 206 171 620 198 480 307 175 36 2 265 163 493 196 473 327 191 48 5 247 170 568 284 426 246 162 58 10 181 132 482 198 465 267 189 59 volume, this equates to a decrease in extracellular fluid of approximately 384 ml. It would require approximately 700 ml of free water to dilute the 10 % glucose solution to isotonicity, but it is likely that a significant amount of hypertonic fluid remained in the gastrointestinal tract at the end of the 60 min measurement period (21,31) . It can, therefore, be concluded that the majority of water secreted into the small intestine following ingestion of hypertonic solutions is probably derived from the extracellular fluid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute effects of ingesting glucose solutions on blood and plasma volume

Evans

Shirreffs

Maughan

2008

BJN

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The change in blood and plasma volume following ingestion of glucose solutions of varying concentrations was estimated in twelve healthy male volunteers. Subjects consumed, within a 5 min period, 600 ml of a solution containing 0, 2, 5 or 10 % glucose with osmolalities of 0 (SD 0), 111 (SD 1), 266 (SD 7) and 565 (SD 5) mOsm/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected over the course of 1 h after ingestion at intervals of 10 min. After ingestion of the 2 % glucose solution, plasma volume increased from baseline levels at 20 min. Plasma volume decreased from baseline levels at 10 and 60 min after ingestion of the 10 % glucose solution. Heart rate was elevated at 10 and 60 min after ingestion of the 10 % glucose solution and decreased at 30 and 40 min after ingestion of the 2 % glucose solution relative to the average heart rate recorded before drinking. It is concluded that ingestion of hypertonic, energy-dense glucose solutions results in a decrease in plasma and extracellular fluid volume, most likely due to the net secretion of water into the intestinal lumen. The osmolality of an ingested solution determines the osmotic gradient that is the driving force behind the movement of water across the intestinal wall and, therefore, is an important factor determining the direction and rate of water flux in the small intestine. Both rat and human models have suggested that intestinal water absorption is influenced by luminal osmolality, but the relationship will depend on the nature of the added solute. Shi et al. (1) demonstrated that perfusion of a hypotonic carbohydrate solution with an osmolality of 186 mOsm/kg resulted in a 17 % increase in the rate of water absorption relative to a hypertonic (403 mOsm/kg) carbohydrate solution. Similarly, Gisolfi et al. (2) reported that a hypertonic 8 % carbohydrate solution (osmolality approximately 460 mOsm/kg) containing glucose resulted in reduced net water absorption relative to a hypotonic solution (osmolality approximately 270 mOsm/kg). These findings are supported by other segmental perfusion studies (3,4) . Perfusion of hypertonic solutions can result in net secretion of water into the lumen. Leiper & Maughan (5) reported that perfusion of a hypertonic solution, with an osmolality of 488 (SD 53) mOsm/kg after transit through the 15 cm mixing segment of a multilumen tube, resulted in net efflux of water and electrolytes into the lumen over the 30 cm test segment of the intestine, whereas perfusion of an isotonic glucose-electrolyte solution promoted water and electrolyte uptake. Most intestinal absorption studies have assessed the net rate of water absorption using segmental perfusion techniques. Lambert et al. (6) showed that it is possible to investigate the intestinal absorption characteristics of an orally ingested solution if gastric emptying rate is kept relatively constant. However, investigations that directly perfuse the intestine may not accurately represent fluid absorption characteristics of ingested solutions due to changes in the composition of the sol...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute effects of ingesting glucose solutions on blood and plasma volume

Evans

Shirreffs

Maughan

2008

BJN

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“…Ingestion of pickle juice concomitantly with large amounts of hypotonic beverages likely would increase the rate of stomach emptying. 35 However, hypotonic fluids require at least 13 minutes to leave the stomach 36 ; thus, even with large amounts of hypotonic fluid ingested in addition to pickle juice, it is unlikely that large amounts of sodium can be absorbed in the time frame described to alleviate an EAMC. 10 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte and Plasma Changes After Ingestion of Pickle Juice, Water, and a Common Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution

Miller

Mack

Knight

2009

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Health care professionals advocate that athletes who are susceptible to exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) should moderately increase their fluid and electrolyte intake by drinking sport drinks. Some clinicians have also claimed drinking small volumes of pickle juice effectively relieves acute EAMCs, often alleviating them within 35 seconds. Others fear ingesting pickle juice will enhance dehydration-induced hypertonicity, thereby prolonging dehydration.Objective: To determine if ingesting small quantities of pickle juice, a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-e) drink, or water increases plasma electrolytes or other selected plasma variables.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Exercise physiology laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated, healthy men (age 5 25 6 2 years, height 5 179.4 6 7.2 cm, mass 5 86.3 6 15.9 kg) completed the study.Intervention(s): Resting blood samples were collected preingestion (20.5 minutes); immediately postingestion (0 minutes); and at 1,5,10,15,20,25,30, 45, and 60 minutes postingestion of 1 mL/kg body mass of pickle juice, CHO-e drink, or tap water.Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume were analyzed. Urine specific gravity, osmolality, and volume were also measured to characterize hydration status.Results: Mean fluid intake was 86.3 6 16.7 mL. Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma osmolality, and plasma volume did not change during the 60 minutes after ingestion of each fluid (P $ .05). Water ingestion slightly decreased plasma potassium concentration at 60 minutes (0.21 6 0.14 mg/dL [0.21 6 0.14 mmol/L]; P # .05).Conclusions: At these volumes, ingestion of pickle juice and CHO-e drink did not cause substantial changes in plasma electrolyte concentrations, plasma osmolality, or plasma volume in rested, euhydrated men. Concern that ingesting these volumes of pickle juice might exacerbate an athlete's risk of dehydration-induced hypertonicity may be unwarranted. If EAMCs are caused by large electrolyte loss due to sweating, these volumes of pickle juice or CHO-e drink are unlikely to restore any deficit incurred by exercise.

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“…The delayed increase in plasma Na þ content in the 0-and 1-bolus conditions was likely due to a smaller volume of fluid in the stomach. Gastric emptying is delayed by small stomach volumes, 27,28 vigorous exercise, 29,30 high osmolality, 31 and low pH of ingested beverages. 32 In our study, the gastric-emptying rates were likely low for all conditions due to the small volumes ingested and vigorous exercise.…”

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confidence: 99%

Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

McKenney

Miller

Deal

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise.Objective: To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated men (age ¼ 23 6 4 years, height ¼ 180.9 6 5.8 cm, mass ¼ 80.7 6 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity ¼ 1.009 6 0.005).Intervention(s): On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mLÁkg À1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature ¼ 378C, relative humidity ¼ 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0-and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mLÁkg À1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature ¼ 218C, relative humidity ¼ 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise.Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume.Results: The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEqÁL À1 (144.6 mmolÁL À1 ), 4.98 mEqÁL À1 (4.98 mmolÁL À1 ), and 289.5 mOsmÁkg À1 H 2 O, respectively, in any condition at any time. Conclusions: Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

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The effect of osmolality and carbohydrate content on the rate of gastric emptying of liquids in man.

Cited by 193 publications

References 27 publications

Acute effects of ingesting glucose solutions on blood and plasma volume

Acute effects of ingesting glucose solutions on blood and plasma volume

Electrolyte and Plasma Changes After Ingestion of Pickle Juice, Water, and a Common Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution

Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

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