The effect of physical activity on lymphocyte count in smokers who consume black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) oil

Abstract

Twenty percent of the total number of human leukocytes is lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are responsible for the control of the adaptive immune system. Physical activity is any body movement that requires energy to do it. Physical activity is related to changes in a person's immunity so that it can reduce the risks of diseases such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and stroke. Black Cumin Seed Oil (BCSO) in various studies has been widely used as a supplement, especially as an immune-modulator. The purpose of this study is to see the effect of physical activity on lymphocyte levels in smokers who have been given Black Cumin Seed Oil for 30 days. This study used a single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) method, with a total of 36 test subjects divided into four groups. Group 1 received placebo 3x1 capsules/day, group 2 received BCSO 3x1 capsules/day, group 3 received BCSO 3x2 capsules/day, and group 4 received BCSO 3x3 capsules/day. The intervention was carried out for 30 days, then on the 31st-day blood was drawn for analysis. Data analysis using an independent t-test to see the average group with high and low activity, while to see the average lymphocyte between treatment groups using one way ANOVA test. The test results were said to be significant if p <0.05. The p-value of the independent t-test is 0.045, and one way ANOVA test p-value is 0.343. In conclusion, physical activity can increase lymphocyte levels significantly, but not on BCSO administration.

Black cumin seed oil preparation consumption potentially improves adaptive cellular immune response among healthy volunteers

“…This research found that BCSO consumption for 20 days increased the adaptive immune response by increasing the number of CD4Th and the expression of IFN-γ and decreasing the number of CD4CD25Treg. The results are in line with previous studies [22]. Thymoquinone increased macrophage phagocytic activity by inducing the enzyme neu4sialidase.…”

“…We tested soft capsules containing standardized black cumin seed oil (BCSO) with thymoquinone (2.72%) and fatty acids in the form of caprylate (0.15%), caprat (0.1%), laurat (0.18%), myristate (12.27%), palmitate (0.28%), s tearate (7.99%), o leic (0.07%), l inoleate (2.85%), e icosanoate (3.15%), e ococciate (0.25%), eicosanoenenoate (0.03%), arachidonate (0.03%), eicopentanoat (0.03%), behenat (0.06%), dokoheksanoat (0.04%), teracosanoate (0.02%) and placebo in the form of fish oil capsules [22].…”

Nicotine level associated with decreasing Treg number in smoker healthy volunteers

“…The National Basic Health Research in 2016 showed that the average consumption of cigarettes per person (aged 15 years or above) was 12 sticks/day [3]. Tobacco smoke has been associated with many degenerative and infectious diseases, i.e., cancer, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes mellitus, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [4,5]. The cigarette contains many toxic and immunosuppressant agents, such as dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), benzopyrene, carbon ISSN: 2252-8806  Nicotine level associated with decreasing Treg number in smoker healthy volunteers (Akrom) 89 monoxide, and nicotine [6,7].…”

The Potential of Centella asiatica Herb and Cyperus rotundus L. Rhizomes Extract as a Chemoprevention Agent for Lung Cancer

“…The content of alkaloids can inhibit the proliferation and induction of apoptosis [24]. The tannin content has several pharmacological effects, including antioxidant and anti-free radicals and antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-nutritional, and cardioprotective effects [4]. Other research results showed that in vitro water extract and methanol extract of CRR had cytotoxic and antioxidant activity.…”

“…Indonesia is one of the ASEAN countries with the highest number of smokers [3]. Smoking is a risk factor for various degenerative diseases in the community [4]. Along with the high prevalence of smokers, the incidence of cancer in Indonesia has increased.…”