The Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol on the Multicomponent Biopolymer/ Hydroxyapatite/Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Composite

Abstract

In this study, the synthesis of composite biomaterials consisting of hydroxyapatite (HA)/carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) with polymeric porous scaffolds is reported. Multicomponent biodegradable polymers were applied as the scaffold. These consist of alginate and chitosan. The effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) involvement in the multicomponent polymeric scaffold was also investigated. The scaffold was loaded with HA/CHA, as bone graft materials, at various compositions. Asian moon scallop shell (Amusium pleuronectes) was used as a calcium biogenic resource for HA and CHA synthesis The effect of the PVA and HA/CHA concentration was investigated. In the absence of the PVA, the morphological study showed that the samples had porous structures with good pore interconnectivity. The XRD analysis showed that PVA reduced the crystallinity of the bone graft. The HA/CHA crystals were homogeneously dispersed. The introduction of PVA reduced the pore size and the porosity but provide stiffer materials, indicating that PVA may improve the mechanical properties of the composite. Some samples also showed the presence of small and large pores. The weight percentage content of HA or CHA influenced the crystallinity, indicating the possibility for the fabrication of tailored bone substitute materials.

The Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol Porogen Addition on the Nanostructural Characteristics of Hydroxyapatite

“…This led to the formation of empty spaces within the material, as the porogen evaporated during the calcination process [ 19 , 21 ]. In this study, the HA material synthesized with a lower PVA concentration demonstrated higher porosity percentage compared to the earlier research conducted with a higher porogen concentration, incorporating PVA, paraffin wax and natural porogen from honeycomb [ 24 , 32 , 44 ].…”

Properties of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite-Based Scaffold from Oyster Shells Composited with Honeycomb and Polyethylene Oxide for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

“…Plotting the 3D graph and porosity was done by analyzing the surface area of the SEM images of the scaffold using Origin software. The porosity percentage was obtained by calculating several volume values: solid, integral, and pore volume, based on the 3D graph [3]. The pore distribution in the scaffold was shown in red and solid particles in black.…”

“…Therefore, when the unbound water in the sample was a little when the freeze-drying method was carried out, the water molecules sublime a little so that the pores formed were also few. A good percentage of porosity for minimal bone growth should be more than 60% [3]. The principle of freeze drying was based on the direct transition of a substance from solid to gaseous form, called sublimation.…”

“…CHA is one type of bioceramic that is widely used as a biomaterial because the components in CHA are considered to most resemble the constituent elements of bones in the human body [2]. CHA in BTE is used as a bone scaffold, which can be polymer-based and/or ceramic [3]. CHA is hydroxyapatite substituted by carbonate ions [4].…”

Habit Watching Movie With English Subtitles as an Alternative in Improving on Students' Reading Skill

“…English is an important skill that is needed by some people in order to be globalized. (Nurmala Sari & Aminatun, 2021). Therefore, the ability to read is very vital for anyone who is interested in learning English, and teachers of languages other than English place a particular emphasis on reading.…”