SUMMARY:The purpose of this article is to review the current state of the art for treating symptomatic spinal fractures associated with malignant lesions and to present potential future trends in treatments for this patient population. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and biomechanical ramifications of these lesions are summarized and treatment regimes, clinical outcomes, and complications and technical issues associated with treatments are presented. Potential future trends and new technologies for performing vertebral body augmentation in patients with metastatic spinal lesions are also discussed.
Metastatic bone tumors in the spine are painful and debilitating but are challenging to treat and often require relatively extensive surgery, which many clinicians and patients are reluctant to pursue. Percutaneous approaches for performing vertebral body augmentation for treating metastatic spinal lesions have been developed as good alternatives to open surgery. These types of procedures have evolved immensely over the last 10 years, and the current state of the art has been found to fit neatly into the conventional oncologic treatment algorithm.
Epidemiology and Clinical PresentationSpinal metastasis is the most commonly encountered tumor of the spine, 1 occurring in Ő…40% of patients with cancer. 2 Each year, 5% of patients with cancer, or approximately 61,000 persons, will develop spinal metastasis. 3 The cancers most often metastasizing to the spine include breast (21%), lung (14%), prostate (8%), renal (5%), gastrointestinal (5%), and thyroid (3%). Two of 3 patients are affected in the thoracic spine, whereas affected areas of the other third of patients are split 1:2 in the cervical and lumbar regions, respectively.2 The posterior half of the vertebral body is usually infiltrated first, with the anterior body, lamina, and pedicles becoming involved later. 4 The treatment regimen for spinal metastasis is generally palliative and consists of a combination of medical therapy (steroids, pain medication, and chemotherapy), radiation therapy, and surgery.The primary goals of treatment are to relieve pain and preserve or restore function when managing patients affected by spinal metastasis. Patients with metastatic spine disease typically present with progressive and unrelenting pain that is not alleviated with rest and is often worse at night. Pain is generally described in at least 1 of 3 ways: 1) constant and localized, 2) radicular, or 3) axial, coinciding with functional disability. Localized pain is generally thought to be a result of periosteal stretch occurring with tumor expansion and is usually treated by using radiation because this therapy is effective in decreasing the tumor size. Radicular pain, most likely due to the tumor pressing against the nerve root, is also addressed by using radiation therapy but can be treated by using nerve root blocks as well. Axial pain, most frequently associated with mechanical instability of the spine or pathologic vertebral body fracture, is worsened with physical act...