The Effect of Protozoa on the Composition of Rumen Bacteria in Cattle Using 16S rRNA Gene Clone Libraries

Ozutsumi, Yuhei; Tajima, Kiyoshi; Takénaka, Akio; Itabashi, Hideyuki

doi:10.1271/bbb.69.499

Cited by 80 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…The ruminal ecosystem consists of a wide diversity of microorganisms that are in a symbiotic relationship in a strict anaerobic environment (Ozutsumi et al 2005). The microbiota is formed by ruminal bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, at concentrations of 10 10 , 10 6 , and 10 4 cells/ml, respectively.…”

Section: Ruminal Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because protozoa are H + producing microorganisms, this ion is used by methanogens to reduce CO 2 to CH 4 , it is considered that the removal of protozoa decreases methanogenesis due to the reduction of available H + for methanogens (Mosoni et al 2011). Moreover, defaunation causes changes in the production of ammonia and the VFA profile (Ozutsumi et al 2005). The amount of ammonia is less in defaunated animals due to decreased proteolysis (Firkins et al 2007).…”

Section: Manipulation Of Ruminal Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rumen microorganisms and fermentation

et al. 2014

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RESUMENEl rumen es un ecosistema complejo donde los nutrientes consumidos por los rumiantes son digeridos mediante un proceso de fermentación realizado por los microorganismos ruminales (bacterias, protozoos y hongos). Dichos microorganismos están en simbiosis, debido a su capacidad de adaptación e interacción, y mientras el rumiante proporciona el ambiente necesario para su establecimiento estos proporcionan energía al animal, la que proviene de los productos finales de la fermentación. Dentro del rumen, los microorganismos coexisten en un entorno reducido y a un pH cercano a la neutralidad. Estos microorganismos fermentan los sustratos presentes en la dieta del rumiante (azúcares, proteínas y lípidos). Sin embargo, el proceso de fermentación no es 100% eficaz, ya que durante la fermentación existen pérdidas de energía, principalmente en forma de gas metano (CH 4 ), el que representa un problema medioambiental, ya que es un gas de efecto invernadero. Por consiguiente, para mejorar la eficiencia de los sistemas de producción de rumiantes se han establecido estrategias nutricionales que tienen como objetivo manipular la fermentación ruminal mediante el uso de aditivos en la dieta, como monensina, sebo, tampones, compuestos de nitrógeno, probióticos, etc. Estos aditivos permiten cambiar el proceso de fermentación y mejorar la eficiencia animal, además disminuyen la pérdida de energía. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar los procesos fermentativos que tienen lugar en el rumen y aplicar los fundamentos de estos en el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias nutricionales que pudieran ayudar a mejorar los procesos de digestión, de manera que se alcance una máxima producción.Palabras clave: aditivos, microorganismos ruminales, simbiosis. SUMMARYThe rumen consists of a complex ecosystem where nutrients consumed by ruminants are digested by fermentation process, which is executed by diverse microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. A symbiotic relationship is found among different groups of microorganisms due to the diverse nature of these microbial species and their adaptability and interactions also coexist. The ruminant provides the necessary environment for the establishment of such microorganisms, while the microorganisms obtain energy from the host animal from microbial fermentation end products. Within the ruminal ecosystem, the microorganisms coexist in a reduced environment and pH remains close to neutral. Rumen microorganisms are involved in the fermentation of substrates contained in thedietof the animals (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids). However, the fermentation process is not 100% effective because there are energy losses mainly in the form of methane gas (CH 4 ), which is a problem for the environment since it is a greenhouse gas. In order to improve the efficiency of ruminant production systems, nutritional strategies that aim to manipulate ruminal fermentation using additives in the diet such as monensin, tallow, buffers, nitrogen compounds, probiotics, and others have been used. These additi...

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Section: Ruminal Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Manipulation Of Ruminal Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumen microorganisms and fermentation

et al. 2014

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“…2). The closest matches of the 16S rRNA gene sequence in the phylogenetic alignment were two clones, wet61 (94.4% pair wise homology) and F24-CO7 (95.3% pairwise homology), originating from horse feces and a cow rumen, respectively (9,12). The three sequences clustered together with a bootstrap value of 99%.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Identification of a Novel, Invasive, Not-Yet-Cultivated Treponema sp. in the Large Intestine of Pigs by PCR Amplification of the 16S rRNA Gene

et al. 2006

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Laser capture microdissection in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to identify an unknown species of spirochetes from the pig colonic mucosa. The 16S rRNA gene was PCR amplified, and the closest related type strain was Treponema bryantii T (90.1%). The spirochete, here named "Candidatus Treponema suis," was associated with colitis, including invasion of the surface epithelium as well as superficial parts of the mucosa.Helical-shaped bacteria are commonly present in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. Intestinal spirochetes of pigs include several species of the genus Brachyspira, of which Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli are important pathogens causing swine dysentery, a severe mucohemorrhagic colitis, and spirochetal colitis, respectively (14, 15). Culturing of Brachyspira as well as Treponema species is fastidious and not always successful. Although ultrastructural differentiation is possible, the various spirochetes are quite similar (typically 0.2 to 0.4 m in width and 4 to 12 m long) (11), and the size is not a useful criterion for distinction in histopathological specimens. Alternative methods for species identification include fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with specific oligonucleotide probes targeting 16S or 23S rRNA of the porcine pathogens B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli (2). Here, a novel technique, laser capture microdissection (LCM)-FISH (7), was used to identify an unknown spirochete and to establish its spatial distribution in the pig colonic tissue on archival tissue samples originating from a study by Fossi et al. (4). The bacterial cells were visualized by FISH with a 16S rRNA-targeting oligonucleotide probe, followed by laser capture microdissection (LCM) of the targeted microcolony. The PCR was done directly on the captured cell material, and the dissected bacterial cells were subsequently identified by analyses of the amplified 16S rRNA gene sequence.Twenty-three formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of pig colon were obtained from the National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Seinäjoki Unit, PB 60101, Seinä-joki, Finland. The samples originated from the previously mentioned study included two sets of eight piglets challenged with one of two B. pilosicoli strains (Br1622 and P43/6/8 T , respectively) and eight uninfected control pigs (4). However, upon both histopathological and in situ hybridization examination of all 23 pigs, an unknown species of spirochetes rather than the challenged bacteria was found to have invaded the colonic mucosa of several of the pigs, including the control pigs (4). For laser capture microdissection (LCM), 3-m-thick sections of the samples were mounted on 0.17-mm PALM POL-Membrane Slides (P.A.L.M. Microlaser

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“…Recent advances in molecular techniques have allowed recognition of a predominance of uncultured bacteria in the rumen (6,24,33). The majority (77%) of fiber-associated community members are uncultured bacteria, although 17% of cloned bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences were classified as known fibrolytic species, such as Fibrobacter succinogenes and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Monitoring and Isolation of Previously Uncultured Bacterial Strains from the Sheep Rumen

Koike

Harita

Goto

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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To estimate the contribution of uncultured bacterial groups to fiber degradation, we attempted to retrieve both ecological and functional information on uncultured groups in the rumen. Among previously reported uncultured bacteria, fiber-associated groups U2 and U3, belonging to the low-GC Gram-positive bacterial group, were targeted. PCR primers and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe targeting 16S rRNA genes or rRNA were designed and used to monitor the distribution of targets. The population size of group U2 in the rumen was as high as 1.87%, while that of group U3 was only 0.03%. Strong fluorescence signals were observed from group U2 cells attached to plant fibers in the rumen. These findings indicate the ecological significance of group U2 in the rumen. We succeeded in enriching group U2 using rumen-incubated rice straw as the inoculum followed by incubation in an appropriate medium with an agent inhibitory for Gram-negative bacteria. Consequently, we successfully isolated two strains, designated B76 and R-25, belonging to group U2. Both strains were Gram-positive short rods or cocci that were 0.5 to 0.8 m in size. Strain B76 possessed xylanase and ␣-L-arabinofuranosidase activity. In particular, the xylanase activity of strain B76 was higher than that of xylanolytic Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c grown on cellobiose. Strain R-25 showed an ␣-L-arabinofuranosidase activity higher than that of strain B76. These results suggest that strains B76 and R-25 contribute to hemicellulose degradation in the rumen.

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The Effect of Protozoa on the Composition of Rumen Bacteria in Cattle Using 16S rRNA Gene Clone Libraries

Cited by 80 publications

References 2 publications

Rumen microorganisms and fermentation

Rumen microorganisms and fermentation

Identification of a Novel, Invasive, Not-Yet-Cultivated Treponema sp. in the Large Intestine of Pigs by PCR Amplification of the 16S rRNA Gene

Molecular Monitoring and Isolation of Previously Uncultured Bacterial Strains from the Sheep Rumen

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