The Effect of Running on Positive and Negative Slopes on Serotonin Levels in the Hippocampus Tissue of Rats with Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of age-related disease that affects hippocampus tissue. The AD is a type of amnesiac disorder with dysfunction of the brain in which the patient's mental ability is gradually dissipated. Objectives:The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of running on positive and negative slopes on serotonin in the hippocampus tissue of rats with AD. Methods: In this experimental study, 18 rats were injected with 8 mg/kg trimethyltin chloride (TMT) intra-peritoneally and after being assured of AD, they were divided into three groups of 6 rats, including (1) control, ( 2) training on positive slope, and (3) training on negative slope. To investigate the effects of AD induction on the serotonin levels, 6 rats were assigned to the healthy control group. Positive training group (at a speed of 16 m/min on positive upward slope) and negative training group (at a speed of 16 m/min on negative downhill slope) ran on the treadmill for eight weeks, five sessions per week and 60 minutes per session. The Shapiro-Wilk, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc tests were used to analyze the data (P ≤ 0.05). Results:The induction of AD significantly decreased serotonin gene expression levels (P = 0.04); nevertheless, running on positive (P = 0.01) and negative slopes (P = 0.001) significantly increased serotonin gene expression levels in rats with AD. Conclusions: Running on positive and negative slopes seems to improve serotonin gene expression levels in the hippocampus tissue of rats with AD.

Antioxidant Effect of Swimming Training and Royal Jelly Consumption in the Hippocampus Tissue of Rats With Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Increased oxidative enzyme activity is also known to be an adaptation to endurance training, that makes GPx more widely used in the body's antioxidant defense system, but the mechanisms of these two approaches have not yet been elucidated; however, these seemingly inconsistent adaptations are among the changes occurring with sports activities (27). Studies show that exercise with the mechanism of increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, increasing nuclear transcription proteins such as NRF1/2, and activating the AMPK pathway and protein kinases, can increase the expression of antioxidants, cell metabolism, eNS, BDNF, improve cognitive function, and decrease ROS and neuronal inflammation (3,28). Alternatively, RJ with the mechanism of N-terminal kinase c-Jun, having nonenzymatic antioxidants such as vitamins A, E, and D, inhibits ROS and neuroinflammation, and by activating the cAMP/p-PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway inactivates APP and γ-secretase, and reduces oxidative stress (29,30).…”

“…It is estimated that there are 35 million dementia cases worldwide and is predicted to rise to 65 million cases by 2030 (2). A variety of factors are involved in the development of AD, including oxidative stress, lactate dehydrogenase, antioxidant levels, increased glutamatedependent toxicity, decreased acetylcholine and serotonin levels, dopamine neurons decrease or loss, free radical-induced damage, and inflammation of the brain tissue due to the presence of inflammatory factors that contribute to the disease (3). In other words, researchers believe that in the pathology of AD, factors such as microglia activity, increased inflammatory cytokines, cerebrovascular disorders, mitochondrial neuronal disorders with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interactively increased Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles cause hyperphosphorylation of the tao protein and cause synaptic damage (4).…”

The Impact of Aerobic Training on Some Brain Neurotransmitters and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Addicted Women

“…It has been revealed that the effects are exerted on the brain through various mechanisms, including neurogenesis, increased patience and endorphin release [41]. Evidence shows that training can alter the release of many neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, glutamate, acetylcholine, serotonin and endogenous opioids [42].…”