The Effect of Season of the Year on the Frequency and Degree of Damage during Commercial Thinning in Black Alder Stands in Poland

Grzywiński, Witold; Turowski, Rafał; Naskrent, Bartłomiej; Jelonek, Tomasz; Tomczak, Arkadiusz

doi:10.3390/f10080668

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…This is quite consistent with the practice of mountainous ground-based harvesting operations to immediately prepare the logs for further transportation [32,34]. In the majority of previous studies, they were treated as two separate practices, mainly due to unfavorable weather conditions and the short duration of the felling period [36]. Generally, harvesting contractors prefer to apply hot systems in which felling and processing operations are synchronized.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

The Impact of Weather and Slope Conditions on the Productivity, Cost, and GHG Emissions of a Ground-Based Harvesting Operation in Mountain Hardwoods

Ezzati

Tavankar

Ghaffariyan

et al. 2021

Forests

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Mountainous hardwood mixed stands offer challenges to timber harvesting operations in practice, including a harsh climate, variable topography, steep terrain, and large-sized timbers. This paper aims to develop productivity and cost models for a mountain-ground-based harvesting operation across the terrain (e.g., slope conditions), stand (e.g., tree volume) environmental (e.g., weather), and yard (e.g., winching distance) variables and to assess GHG emissions related to the equipment in use. This development was implemented in a timber harvesting practice under single-tree selection in mountainous forests of Iran where a motor-manual chainsaw is used for felling and a rubber-tired cable skidder is used for log extraction. The average delay-free productivity was 4.55 m3 for felling and 14.73 m3 h−1 for skidding. Lower production costs and higher productivity rates were observed over the gentle slopes and in sunny conditions. The average production costs ranged between USD 4.27 m−3 for felling and USD 5.35 m−3 for skidding. The average emissions ranged between 0.96 kg m−3 for felling and 7.06 kg m−3 for skidding in snowy conditions over steep slopes. The study’s results confirm avoiding harvesting operations on steep slopes (greater than 35%) and in extreme weather conditions to obtain higher work efficiency and to minimize adverse effects of machinery on forest ecosystems. The results should be of use to harvest managers and forest planners considering the application of ground-based harvesting operations using a semi-mechanized system on a range of operating conditions in mountain hardwood stands.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

The Impact of Weather and Slope Conditions on the Productivity, Cost, and GHG Emissions of a Ground-Based Harvesting Operation in Mountain Hardwoods

Ezzati

Tavankar

Ghaffariyan

et al. 2021

Forests

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“…It was also found that tree injuries depend on the season, and can be higher in summer [79], as well as affected by stand structure: in uneven-aged stands, damage can be more frequent, especially among younger trees [76]. Mechanised harvesting tends to cause less damage than using a chainsaw for felling and more damaged trees are observed near strip roads [80,81].…”

Section: Harvesting-stand Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How and How Much, Do Harvesting Activities Affect Forest Soil, Regeneration and Stands?

2020

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Purpose of Review Lowering the impact of forest utilisation on the forest environment is a part of the improvement in sustainable forest management. As part of forest utilisation, timber harvesting can also cause environmental implications. The main impact of forest operations is on the soil, on regeneration and on the residual stand. The aim of the present review was to identify the state of the art in forest utilisation, identifying how and how much forest operations affect forest soil, regeneration and the remaining stand. Particular attention was paid to the level of impact and potential to limit this. Recent Findings There are a large number of publications tackling forest harvesting, but most of them do not give a comprehensive framework and they mainly focus on one or very few aspects of forest damage. In order to improve general knowledge of the impact of forest operations, it was proposed that the scope of recent findings should be examined and a compilation of the available results from different regions should be presented in one paper. Summary It was found that the least impactful machine-based forest operations were harvester-forwarder technologies, while a larger scale of damage could be expected from ground-based extraction systems (skidders) and cable yarders. Animal power, if applicable, tended to be very neutral to the forest environment. A decrease in damage is possible by optimising skid trail and strip road planning, careful completion of forest operations and training for operators. The existence of legal documents controlling post-harvesting stand damage are rare and have been implemented in only two countries; there is no post-harvesting control on soil damage and natural regeneration.

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“…There is little information on productivity and labour consumption in the harvesting of timber from alder stands subject to thinning. The reason for this is the presence of alder stands in wetlands, which significantly hinders timber harvesting [15]. In many cases, the potential for using heavy multipurpose machinery is restricted by difficult terrain conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bembenek et al [16] reports that winters without snow and autumn rainfall can cause a shortening of the period in which it is possible to use forest machines, especially in stands with low load-bearing capacity. According to Grzywiński et al [15], it is particularly important to select the right season, technology, and work organisation, which can significantly reduce environmental damage. The use of large and heavy machines, such as skidders and forwarders, may contribute to soil compaction [17], and later to erosion and ruts, especially visible on skidding trails [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Season on Productivity and Time Consumption in Timber Harvesting from Young Alder Stands in Lowland Poland

Grzywiński

Turowski²,

Naskrent

et al. 2020

Forests

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The purpose of this study was to establish the impact of season on productivity, labour consumption, and working time structure during timber harvesting from young alder stands (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.). An early thinning process was performed in summer and winter in pure alder stands (38 and 40 years old) in the Płaska Forest Division (NE Poland). The felling and processing operations were performed by experienced loggers using the cut-to-length (CTL) system, and forwarding with manual loading and unloading involved the use of a Zetor 7045 (65 HP) farming tractor and trailer. In both summer and winter, the loggers spent most of their labour time on felling trees (approx. 23%) and bucking (approx. 36%). Assistant loggers spent most of their time stacking logs (49.2% in summer and 58% in winter). The most time-consuming activities in forwarding were loading, unloading, and transportation. The average time consumption of tree felling and processing amounted to 0.36 ± 0.11 h/m3; that of forwarding was lower, at 0.24 ± 0.07 h/m3. No statistically significant differences in the labour consumption of tree felling were identified between winter and summer (p = 0.863). For forwarding, labour consumption was significantly higher in winter (0.28 h/m3) than in summer (0.19 h/m3, p = 0.001). Average productivity was 3.02 ± 1.09 m3/h for tree felling and 4.76 ± 1.80 m3/h for forwarding. The productivity of felling was similar in winter (2.83 m3/h) and in summer (3.22 m3/h). For forwarding, productivity was significantly higher in summer (5.70 m3/h) than in winter (3.81 m3/h, p < 0.01).

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The Effect of Season of the Year on the Frequency and Degree of Damage during Commercial Thinning in Black Alder Stands in Poland

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

The Impact of Weather and Slope Conditions on the Productivity, Cost, and GHG Emissions of a Ground-Based Harvesting Operation in Mountain Hardwoods

The Impact of Weather and Slope Conditions on the Productivity, Cost, and GHG Emissions of a Ground-Based Harvesting Operation in Mountain Hardwoods

How and How Much, Do Harvesting Activities Affect Forest Soil, Regeneration and Stands?

The Impact of Season on Productivity and Time Consumption in Timber Harvesting from Young Alder Stands in Lowland Poland

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