The effect of some manufacturing variables on the performance of high-speed tool-steel ball bearings

Scott, Douglas; Blackwell, J.

doi:10.1016/0043-1648(71)90061-5

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…An inverse relationship exists between the strength of the martensite formed in the quenching process and the amount of residual austenite; the martensite’s strength increases as the amount of retained austenite decreases. Hence retained austenite is generally considered deleterious in low-carbon steel 1 2 3 4 5 . However, the retained austenite can subsequently be transformed to the more stable martensite phase with the application of high stresses and temperatures; thereby increasing the toughness and ductility of the substrate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of retained austenite in high carbon steel under compressive stress: an investigation from macro to nano scale

Hossain

Pahlevani

Quadir

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Although high carbon martensitic steels are well known for their industrial utility in high abrasion and extreme operating environments, due to their hardness and strength, the compressive stability of their retained austenite, and the implications for the steels’ performance and potential uses, is not well understood. This article describes the first investigation at both the macro and nano scale of the compressive stability of retained austenite in high carbon martensitic steel. Using a combination of standard compression testing, X-ray diffraction, optical microstructure, electron backscattering diffraction imaging, electron probe micro-analysis, nano-indentation and micro-indentation measurements, we determined the mechanical stability of retained austenite and martensite in high carbon steel under compressive stress and identified the phase transformation mechanism, from the macro to the nano level. We found at the early stage of plastic deformation hexagonal close-packed (HCP) martensite formation dominates, while higher compression loads trigger body-centred tetragonal (BCT) martensite formation. The combination of this phase transformation and strain hardening led to an increase in the hardness of high carbon steel of around 30%. This comprehensive characterisation of stress induced phase transformation could enable the precise control of the microstructures of high carbon martensitic steels, and hence their properties.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability of retained austenite in high carbon steel under compressive stress: an investigation from macro to nano scale

Hossain

Pahlevani

Quadir

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…However, the role of RA, which is of essential importance in high-carbon steels, has been a controversial subject in controlling both wear and fatigue behavior, 4) the reported data and results seem scattered and lack of systematic research. 3,12,13) The underlying mechanism of cryogenic treatment on RA is far from being well understood, more efforts and examinations should be devoted to assess the thermal stability of RA. It is noteworthy that the presence of metastable phases in the multiphase structures will in turn provide the new possibilities to optimization of industrial processing routes to achieve the extraordinary high-quality of the steels and products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability of Retained Austenite in High-carbon Steels during Cryogenic and Tempering Treatments

et al. 2016

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A variety of quenching, cryogenic and tempering treatments were conducted to assess the effect of cryogenic treatment on the thermal stability of retained austenite (RA) during tempering processes in highcarbon steel. Optical and electron scanning microscopes, transmission electron microscopy coupled with X-ray diffractions were employed to determine the morphology, fraction and carbon concentration of RA. It is confirmed that pre-cryogenic treatment is crucial which strongly affects the carbon concentration and dislocation density in RA and thus consequently the stability of RA. However, the carbon concentration is the most dominant one especially in relatively higher temperature tempering processes.

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“…Siatkę węglików pierwotnych rozbija się, stosując przekuwanie wlewków na gorąco do uzyskania możliwie drobnych i równomiernie rozłożonych węglików w celu zwiększenia odporności zmęczeniowej stali oraz jej odporności na zużycie ścierne [3]. Zbyt duże węgliki mogą sprzyjać powstawaniu mikropęknięć i inicjować łuszczenie powierzchni, przyspieszając zużycie materiału [7,8]. W następnym etapie przeprowadza się nagrzewanie do temperatury austenityzowania (rzędu 1100°C) z dwoma przystankami w temperaturach ok. 500 i 800°C.…”

Section: Składy Chemiczne Przykładowych Gatunków Stali Na łOżyska Do Pracy W Podwyższonych Temperaturach [5]unclassified

“…[3]. Carbides that are too big can experience the formation of microcracks, and it can also lead to the initiation of surface skinning, which could increase material wear [7,8]. In the next stage, specimens are heated to the austenitization temperature (approx.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Changes in Microstructure and Hardness of Bearing Steel for Operation at a High Temperature Caused by Short-Term Overheating

Łęczycki¹,

Gronek²

2020

Journal of KONBiN

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The paper presented research results of the impact of short-term overheating of samples collected from the outer bearing ring suitable for the operation at elevated temperature installed in the turbine engine on the microstructure and hardness of the material. The samples were annealed at the following temperatures: 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000°C; and then cooled in still air. Microstructure examinations were conducted under metallographic microscope and transmission electron microscope.

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The effect of some manufacturing variables on the performance of high-speed tool-steel ball bearings

Cited by 18 publications

References 3 publications

Stability of retained austenite in high carbon steel under compressive stress: an investigation from macro to nano scale

Stability of retained austenite in high carbon steel under compressive stress: an investigation from macro to nano scale

Thermal Stability of Retained Austenite in High-carbon Steels during Cryogenic and Tempering Treatments

Assessment of Changes in Microstructure and Hardness of Bearing Steel for Operation at a High Temperature Caused by Short-Term Overheating

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