“…The phase-field variable describes the transition from intact to fully damaged state of the material over a specific length scale. Seminal works of the application of the V-pf approach to hydraulic fracture include Bourdin et al (2012) and Chukwudozie et al (2013) while following studies addressed problems related to poroelasticity (Mikelić et al, 2015;Miehe, Hofacker, et al, 2015;Santillán et al, 2017;Wilson & Landis, 2016;Wheeler et al, 2014), fracture width computation (Lee et al, 2017;Xia et al, 2017), coupling with the theory or porous media (Ehlers & Luo, 2017;Heider & Markert, 2017), pressure-dependent failure mechanisms (Choo & Sun, 2018), mass conservation (Chukwudozie et al, 2019), and in situ stresses (Shiozawa et al, 2019). The smeared representation can handle complex fracture topology where natural fractures can be represented within nonconforming discretizations, without a priori assumptions on their geometry or restriction on hydraulic fracture growth trajectories (Yoshioka & Bourdin, 2016).…”