The effect of swinging the arms on muscle activation and production of leg force during ski skating at different skiing speeds

Göpfert, Caroline; Lindinger, Stefan; Ohtonen, Olli; Rapp, Walter; Müller, Erich; Linnamo, Vesa

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2016.03.009

Cited by 9 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 24 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The contribution of the arm had been assessed in several studies with able-bodied athletes, both in DP and skating techniques [22], [23], [24]. In particular arm swings contribute considerably to the overall force generation and propulsion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the pushing phase in Paralympic cross-country sit-skiers – Class LW10

Gastaldi

Mauro

Pastorelli

2016

Journal of Advanced Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the pushing phase in Paralympic cross-country sit-skiers – Class LW10

Gastaldi

Mauro

Pastorelli

2016

Journal of Advanced Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Relative movements such as arm swing and positioning (e.g. for poling) affect the reaction forces [44][45][46], the position of the COM, the posture of the body [47][48][49][50], and thus the body's inertia characteristics. In the present study, the reaction forces and position of the COM have been detected continuously over time and likewise included in the methodology to derive F c .…”

Section: Data Processing and Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forward acceleration of the centre of mass during ski skating calculated from force and motion capture data

et al. 2016

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this paper was to present and evaluate a methodology to determine the contribution of bilateral leg and pole thrusts to forward acceleration of the centre of mass (COM) of cross-country skiers from multidimensional ground reaction forces and motion capture data. Nine highly skilled cross-country (XC) skiers performed leg skating and V2-alternate skating (V2A) under constant environmental conditions on snow, while ground reaction forces measured from ski bindings and poles and 3D motion with high-speed cameras were captured. COM acceleration determined from 3D motion analyses served as a reference and was compared to the results of the proposed methodology. The obtained values did not differ during the leg skating push-off, and force-time curves showed high similarity, with similarity coefficients (SC) [0.90 in the push-off and gliding phases. In V2A, leg and pole thrusts were shown to contribute 35.1 and 65.9% to the acceleration of the body, respectively. COM acceleration derived from ground reaction forces alone without considering the COM position overestimated the acceleration compared to data from motion analyses, with a mean difference of 17% (P \ 0.05) during leg push-off, although the shapes of force-time curves were similar (SC = 0.93). The proposed methodology was shown to be appropriate for determining the acceleration of XC skiers during leg skating push-off from multi-dimensional ground reaction forces and the COM position. It was demonstrated that both the COM position and ground reaction forces are needed to find the source of acceleration.

show abstract

“…In cross‐country (XC) skiing, arm swing has been investigated primarily in V2‐alternate skating (V2A) and in leg skating without using ski poles. It has been demonstrated that with arm swing, greater maximal skiing speed is achieved . At high skiing speed, greater cycle length and GRFs are produced with a lower anaerobic energy contribution and a more efficient and economic neuromuscular activation pattern .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This addresses two major factors influencing performance in XC‐skiing: maximal speed and skiing economy. Benefits of arm swing use have been demonstrated to be speed‐dependent and of a neuromuscular and a mechanical source . While neuromuscular effects have been shown to be predominant at high skiing speed, so far investigated mechanical parameters do not yet fully explain the mechanics of arm swing in XC‐skiing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While neuromuscular effects have been shown to be predominant at high skiing speed, so far investigated mechanical parameters do not yet fully explain the mechanics of arm swing in XC‐skiing. Rather it has been estimated that other parameters, for example, the direction of force with respect to the body position, may be more relevant . To describe and understand the functionality of arm swing is important, because the skiing technique has a major impact on performance XC‐skiing since technical skills will allow the athletes to use their available physiological capacity efficiently and economically .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Arm swing during skating at different skiing speeds affects skiing mechanics and performance

et al. 2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Arm swing has been shown to lead to greater maximal speed and movement economy in cross‐country skiing. The current study aimed to investigate how arm swing alters skiing mechanics and contributes to performance and acceleration of the athlete's centre of mass (COM). While skiing on snow, seven highly skilled cross‐country skiers simulated V2‐alternate skating without using ski poles and with double or single arm swing and without arm swing. During leg push‐off the linear momentum of the body increased due to arm swing. Simultaneously, linear momentum of the arm(s) decreased in arm swing trials, indicating a transfer of momentum from arms to the rest of the body and being more prevalent with double arm swing compared to single arm swing (all P < 0.05). Greater maximal skiing speeds were reached with single and double arm swing, while the forward lean angle, the force leading to acceleration of COM in skiing direction, and the force effectiveness increased (all P < 0.05). The effects of less mass moving in single arm swing could be compensated by carrying out the arm swing faster, almost aligned in skiing direction and with a “long arm” pattern, indicating how arm swing can be conducted efficiently.

show abstract

The effect of swinging the arms on muscle activation and production of leg force during ski skating at different skiing speeds

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Analysis of the pushing phase in Paralympic cross-country sit-skiers – Class LW10

Analysis of the pushing phase in Paralympic cross-country sit-skiers – Class LW10

Forward acceleration of the centre of mass during ski skating calculated from force and motion capture data

Arm swing during skating at different skiing speeds affects skiing mechanics and performance

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About