This
study reports
the formation of Er-doped
nanocrystalline cobalt ferrite with the formula CoFe
2–
x
Er
x
O
4
(0.0
≤
x
≤ 0.10) from nontoxic metal precursors
Co(NO
3
)
2
·6H
2
O, Fe(NO
3
)
3
·9H
2
O, and Er(NO
3
)
3
·5H
2
O through an easy and economical sol–gel
route in which citric acid is served as the chelating agent. The as-prepared
powder was annealed at 700 °C for 3 h in ambient air to get the
required spinel structure. The annealed samples were subjected to
structural and magnetic characterization. The X-ray diffraction (XRD)
data of the samples confirmed the cubic spinel structure formation.
The average crystallite size evaluated from XRD data increased from
21 to 34 nm with the substitution of Er due to the larger atomic size
of Er
3+
than Fe
3+
. Moreover, the crystallite
size obtained from XRD data are well matched with the particle size
measured from transmission electron microscopy images. The lattice
parameters obtained from XRD data agree well with the values estimated
from theoretical cation distribution and Rietveld refinement calculation.
The hysteresis curve exhibits the particles are soft ferromagnetic
and the coercivity increased from 54.7 to 76.6 kA/m with maximum saturation
magnetization,
M
s
= 61 emug
–1
for 0.10 Er content. The squareness ratios were found to be less
than 0.5, which indicates the single-domain nature of our particles.
The blocking temperature measured from field cooled-zero field cooled
curves is
T
B
> 350 K for all the samples,
which is much higher than the room temperature (300 K). The enhancement
of saturation magnetization and coercivity has been explained based
on the crystallite size, anisotropy constant, and cation distribution.
Thus, the structural and magnetic properties of CoFe
2
O
4
nanoparticles (NPs) can be tuned by Er incorporation and
these NPs can be applied in different soft magnetic devices.