The effect of the onset of seizure on clock drawing test score of epilepsy patients

Abstract

Background: Epilepsy is one of the causing factors of cognitive impairment which affects the patient's quality of life. The most critical risk factor for cognitive impairment in epilepsy patients is the onset of seizure. Performing detection of cognitive impairment in those patients is crucial. Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a validated instrument for the detection of cognitive impairment in epilepsy patients. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of the onset of seizure on CDT score in epilepsy patients. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study involving 64 epilepsy patients of Mutiara Sukma Mental Hospital, West Nusa Tenggara, who met the inclusion but not exclusion criteria. The clinical and demographic characteristics data collected in this study were age, gender, type of seizure, etiology, length of education, duration of treatment, and antiepileptic drugs (AED). Cognitive function evaluation has been done by using the CDT instrument. Analysis of the effect of the beginning of seizure on CDT score was carried out by observing the influence of the clinical and demographic characteristics data. Results: There was a significant difference between the onset of seizure on CDT score (p<0.05). There were significant differences in aetiology and age in both groups of onsets of the seizure (p <0.05), but not in the characteristics of gender, type of seizure, level of education, duration of treatment and AED in both groups of onsets of the seizure (p>0.05). Conclusion:The onset of the seizure in epilepsy patients affect CDT score. This effect might be attributed to etiology and age of epilepsy patients.Latar Belakang: Epilepsi merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya gangguan fungsi kognitif yang berpengaruh terhadap kualitas hidup pasien. Salah satu faktor risiko utama penyebab gangguan fungsi kognitif tersebut adalah onset bangkitan pertama kali. Oleh karena itu, deteksi gangguan fungsi kognitif pada pasien epilepsi penting untuk dilakukan. Clock Drawing test (CDT) merupakan instrumen tervalidasi untuk deteksi gangguan fungsi kognitif pasien epilepsi. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh onset bangkitan pertama kali terhadap skor CDT pada pasien epilepsi. Metode: Penelitian ini melibatkan 64 subjek penelitian pasien epilepsi di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Mutiara Sukma Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan tidak memenuhi kriteria eksklusi, dengan menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional. Data karakteristik klinik dan demografi yang

Epilepsy-associated neurocognitive disorders (EAND) in an onchocerciasis-endemic rural community in Cameroon: A population-based case–control study

“…➢ Isaac's Set Test was used to evaluate verbal fluency. It is scored on 40 with a cut off of 30 defining a pathologic condition [36]. It was originally developed by testing 189 elderly subjects in Glasgow with some degree of mental disease requiring assistance in daily living activities [37].…”

“…The test was developed in the USA by comparing the results of 46 patients diagnosed with clinically probable Alzheimer dementia with those of 26 normal elderly controls [39]. The CDT has been validated as a screening test for cognitive impairment in epilepsy patients [40]. Its utility has also been shown in rural populations in Portugal [41].…”

Perbedaan Kejadian Penurunan Fungsi Kognitif pada Individu Normotensi dan Hipertensi dari Populasi Pesisir di Kecamatan Pemenang Kabupaten Lombok Utara

“…Tekanan darah (TD) diklasfikasikan atas normal dan hipertensi (TD sistol ≥140 mmHg dan atau TD diastol ≥ 90 mmHg) (Perhimpunan Dokter Hipertensi Indonesia, 2019b). Fungsi kognitif dinilai menggunakan uji Clock Drawing Test (CDT), jika skor CDC ≤ 3 dinyatakan mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif (Yaksa et al, 2018). Sebelum pengambilan data, peneliti telah mendapatkan persetujuan dari komis etik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Mataram dengan surat persetujuan etik Nomor : 167/ UN18.F7/ ETIK/2022.…”

Perbedaan Kejadian Penurunan Fungsi Kognitif pada Individu Normotensi dan Hipertensi dari Populasi Pesisir di Kecamatan Pemenang Kabupaten Lombok Utara

“…Tekanan darah (TD) diklasfikasikan atas normal dan hipertensi (TD sistol ≥140 mmHg dan atau TD diastol ≥ 90 mmHg) (Perhimpunan Dokter Hipertensi Indonesia, 2019b). Fungsi kognitif dinilai menggunakan uji Clock Drawing Test (CDT), jika skor CDC ≤ 3 dinyatakan mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif (Yaksa et al, 2018). Sebelum pengambilan data, peneliti telah mendapatkan persetujuan dari komis etik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Mataram dengan surat persetujuan etik Nomor : 167/ UN18.F7/ ETIK/2022.…”