The effect of trace mineral source and concentration on ruminal digestion and mineral solubility

Abstract

The objective of this experiment was to compare the effect of sources of sulfate trace mineral (STM) and hydroxy trace mineral (HTM) at different inclusions on digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber and solubility of Cu, Mn, and Zn in the rumen and abomasum of cattle. Five ruminally cannulated steers were used in a 5×5 Latin square design and individually fed a corn silage-based diet on an ad libitum basis. The 5 dietary treatments were as follows: control: no supplemental Cu, Mn, or Zn, analyzed to contain 7.4mg of Cu, 30.8mg of Mn, and 32.1mg of Zn per kilogram of diet DM (CON); low sulfate: 5mg of Cu/kg of DM supplemented from CuSO4, 15mg of Mn/kg of DM from MnSO4, and 30mg of Zn/kg of DM from ZnSO4; low HTM: 5mg of Cu/kg of DM supplemented from basic copper chloride (IntelliBond C; Micronutrients Inc., Indianapolis, IN), 15mg of Mn/kg of DM from manganese hydroxychloride (IntelliBond M; Micronutrients Inc.), and 30mg of Zn/kg of DM from zinc hydroxychloride (IntelliBond Z; Micronutrients Inc.); high sulfate: 25mg of Cu/kg of DM supplemented from CuSO4, 60mg of Mn/kg of DM from MnSO4, and 120mg of Zn/kg of DM from ZnSO4; and high HTM: 25mg of Cu/kg of DM supplemented from basic copper chloride, 60mg of Mn/kg of DM from manganese hydroxychloride, and 120mg of Zn/kg of DM from zinc hydroxychloride. Periods lasted for 12d, with 10d of diet adaptation. Dacron bags containing the CON total mixed ration were inserted on d 11 at 0h and were removed at 6, 12, 24, and 36h after insertion. Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber disappearances and rumen and simulated abomasal trace mineral solubilities were evaluated. Dietary treatment did not affect DM intake. Dry matter disappearance was lesser in supplemental TM treatments and greater in CON than the STM treatments, although the CON and HTM treatments did not differ. Neutral detergent fiber disappearance was not affected by treatment. Ruminally soluble Cu and Mn concentrations were least in CON and were lesser in HTM-containing treatments compared with STM treatments. However, in the abomasum, solubilities of Cu and Mn were similar across trace mineral sources. Ruminal and simulated abomasal soluble Zn was greater in the HTM treatments than in CON and STM, driven by the greater solubility of the high HTM treatment. Under the conditions of this study, supplementing trace minerals as STM decreased DM digestibility, whereas HTM did not affect DM digestibility. Additionally, Cu and Mn from HTM sources were relatively insoluble in the rumen but had similar solubility as STM at the pH found in the abomasum, suggesting that these minerals should be available for absorption in the intestine.

Feeding ferric ammonium citrate to decrease the risk of sulfur toxicity: Effects on trace mineral absorption and status of beef steers

“…The interaction of S with Cu or Fe can form metal sulfides (Suttle, 2010), which limits the availability of these trace minerals for absorption, use, and storage by the animal (Bremner and Young, 1978;van Ryssen et al, 1998;Suttle, 2010;Spears et al, 2011). The antagonism of Cu by S is likely a contributing factor to the near 2-fold decrease in liver Cu concentration in the present study after steers consumed a high S diet for 72 d. This decrease in liver Cu concentration after 72 d may support the need for greater Cu supplementation when cattle consume a high S diet long term, as typical feedlot cattle are on feed for greater than 72 d. Providing a Cu source that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, such as an injectable mineral (Pogge et al, 2012), or one that has minimal rumen solubility, such as basic copper chloride (Genther and Hansen, 2013), may be an ideal method to overcome this antagonism. In the present study, no effects of supplemental Fe on liver Cu were observed after 72 d, even though Fe has been demonstrated to be antagonistic toward Cu absorption and storage in the body (Standish et al, 1969;Phillippo et al, 1987).…”

Effects of heat stress and dietary zinc source on performance and mammary epithelial integrity of lactating dairy cows

“…Compared with Zn oxide, feeding Zn-Met complex does not alter Zn absorption but reduces urinal Zn excretion, resulting in a higher Zn retention (Spears, 1989). On the other hand, Genther and Hansen (2015) reported that supplementing sulfate-bound trace minerals (Cu, Mn, and Zn), but not hydroxy minerals, reduced ruminal DM disappearance, suggesting that hydroxy minerals have no negative influences on rumen function compared with sulfate-bound trace minerals. However, direct comparisons between hydroxy trace mineral and mineral-AA complex on bioavailability and rumen functions in ruminants are still not available.…”

Effect of source of trace minerals in either forage- or by-product–based diets fed to dairy cows: 1. Production and macronutrient digestibility

“…Ruminal solubility of trace minerals is likely a factor that influences how trace minerals affect rumen fermentation and microbial populations, which may in turn affect nutrient digestibility. Hydroxy Cu and Mn are less soluble in the rumen compared with sulfate sources, whereas differences in solubility of hydroxy Zn and Zn sulfate are inconsistent (Cao et al, 2000;Genther and Hansen, 2015). Reducing the concentration of soluble trace minerals, particularly Cu, by feeding hydroxy minerals may increase ruminal digestibility.…”