The effect of two bromfenvinphos impurities: BDCEE and β-ketophosphonate on oxidative stress induction, acetylcholinesterase activity, and viability of human red blood cells

Abstract

Numerous research works have shown that synthesis of pesticides leads to the formation of impurities that may substantially enhance pesticide toxicity. In this study, the effect of manufacturing impurities of pesticide bromfenvinphos (BFVF) such as 1-bromo-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-ethoxy ethene (BDCEE) and diethyl [2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl] phosphonate (β-ketophosphonate) on human erythrocytes, being significantly exposed to xenobiotics has been studied. The cells were treated with the compounds studied in the concentrations ranging from 0.1 μM to 250 μM for 4 h. In order to assess the effect of BDCEE and β-ketophosphonate on red blood cells hemolytic changes, changes in cell size (FSC parameter) and oxidation of hemoglobin were studied. Moreover, alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, reduced glutathione (GSH) level and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were determined. BDCEE induced an increase in ROS level and caused strong oxidation of hemoglobin as well as a slight change in erythrocytes size and hemolysis, while it did not change GSH level and AChE activity. β-ketophosphonate has not been shown to affect most parameters studied, but it strongly reduced AChE activity. Because changes in the parameters examined were noted at low concentrations of BFVF impurities (5-250 µM), those substances should not negatively affect on red blood cells of humans environmentally exposed to this pesticide.

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“…The potassium leakage from RBC, related to the toxicity of organophosphates, is attributed to the increased membrane fragility of RBC (96). In addition, the impurities formed during pesticide synthesis also possess similar negative impacts on human RBC structure and function due to elevated ROS level (97). The strong correlation between usage of xenobiotics and RBC hemolysis has raised an alarming situation to consider minimizing the usage of harmful inorganic insecticides, fungicides and pesticides world widely (98)(99)(100)(101).…”