The Effect of Type 2 Diabetes on Bone Biomechanics

Effect of verapamil on bone mass, microstructure and mechanical properties in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats

“…Long term high blood glucose can lead to vascular damage, and endanger the heart, brain, kidney, peripheral nerves and eyes. In addition, diabetes can reduce bone formation, delay bone healing and increase the risk of fracture [ 2 – 4 ]. Therefore, it is very important to find an effective treatment to improve blood glucose, bone mass, microstructure and mechanical properties of patients with diabetes.…”

“…Strength, stiffness and stability of the structure are reduced to different degrees. The resistance to external impact has also significantly reduced, and the risk of fragility fracture has increased [ 2 , 5 – 7 ]. Some scholars have studied the effects of elevated blood glucose in T2DM on advanced glycation end products (AGEs), mineral content and collagen.…”

The extracellular matrix of human bone marrow adipocytes and glucose concentration differentially alter mineralization quality without impairing osteoblastogenesis

“…Combined with the analyses of mechanical tests in animal models or fracture history in patients, several parameters, such as collagen maturity, extent of mineralization, mineral stoichiometry, or carbonate substitution of the apatite crystal, have been shown to contribute to bone strength ( Boskey and Imbert, 2017 ; Gamsjaeger et al, 2014 ; Lekkala et al, 2019 ). In the T2D context, the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the protein matrix is considered to be driven by high glucose (HG) levels and oxidative stress and to interfere with bone properties ( Karim et al, 2019 ; Lekkala et al, 2019 ; Moseley et al, 2021 ). However, several studies have qualified the importance of AGEs in bringing attention to a large array of other bone quality components ( Creecy et al, 2018 ; Hunt et al, 2018 , Hunt et al, 2021 ; Karim et al, 2018 ).…”

Accumulation of fluorescent advanced glycation end products and carboxymethyl-lysine in human cortical and trabecular bone

“…Increased amounts of the AGE pentosidine detected in urine have been associated with bone fragility in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) ( Schwartz et al, 2009 ). Recent studies indicate that there are higher fAGEs in T2D bone compared to non-T2D bone ( Karim et al, 2019a ; Moseley et al, 2021 ; Hunt et al, 2019 ). Importantly, pentosidine is one of the numerous fAGEs and represents only a fraction of all AGEs ( Viguet-Carrin et al, 2006 ).…”