The Effect of Vegetarian Diet on Immune Response

Neubauerova, Eva; Tulinská, Jana; Kuricová, Miroslava; Líšková, Aurélia; Volkovová, Katarı́na; Kudlácková, M

doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000289012.66211.45

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In addition, the main dietary sources of zinc are certain seafood (oysters (673%), crab (49%), lobster (31%)), beef (64%), and chicken (22%), with only beans (26%) and pumpkin seeds (20%) providing strict vegetarians with significant amounts (percentages are FDA daily value per serving) [ 35 ]. This may also suggest that people who eat more meat and seafood are less likely to suffer from zinc deficiency and may potentially have more robust immune systems, consistent with some reports of immune system problems in vegetarians [ 106 , 107 ]. However, phytates are common in cereal grains; thus, zinc malabsorption effects are likely to extend across a wide range of diets [ 102 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Zinc against COVID-19? Symptom surveillance and deficiency risk groups

Joachimiak

2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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A wide variety of symptoms is associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and these symptoms can overlap with other conditions and diseases. Knowing the distribution of symptoms across diseases and individuals can support clinical actions on timelines shorter than those for drug and vaccine development. Here, we focus on zinc deficiency symptoms, symptom overlap with other conditions, as well as zinc effects on immune health and mechanistic zinc deficiency risk groups. There are well-studied beneficial effects of zinc on the immune system including a decreased susceptibility to and improved clinical outcomes for infectious pathogens including multiple viruses. Zinc is also an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress agent, relevant to some severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms. Unfortunately, zinc deficiency is common worldwide and not exclusive to the developing world. Lifestyle choices and preexisting conditions alone can result in zinc deficiency, and we compile zinc risk groups based on a review of the literature. It is also important to distinguish chronic zinc deficiency from deficiency acquired upon viral infection and immune response and their different supplementation strategies. Zinc is being considered as prophylactic or adjunct therapy for COVID-19, with 12 clinical trials underway, highlighting the relevance of this trace element for global pandemics. Using the example of zinc, we show that there is a critical need for a deeper understanding of essential trace elements in human health, and the resulting deficiency symptoms and their overlap with other conditions. This knowledge will directly support human immune health for decreasing susceptibility, shortening illness duration, and preventing progression to severe cases in the current and future pandemics.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Zinc against COVID-19? Symptom surveillance and deficiency risk groups

Joachimiak

2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…13,14 However, veganism is associated with a risk of vitamin B 12 deficiency, 24 and established vegetarians have been shown to have reduced RCC and WCC compared to age matched omnivores. 25 Unfortunately, these parameters are rarely reported in dietary interventions that acutely reduce meat intake, but reductions in blood cell counts were not observed when older omnivores changed to a vegetarian diet for 12 weeks. 26 No detectable changes in dietary intake of copper, iron, zinc, or the B vitamins were noted from the diet diaries over the study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of reduced red and processed meat consumption on cardiovascular risk factors; an intervention trial in healthy volunteers

et al. 2019

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“…Hal tersebut sejalan dengan penelitian Haddad et al tahun 1999 dan Neubauerova et al tahun 2007. 12,13 Sebanyak 7 subjek dari 32 subjek vegetarian (21.9%) dan 5 subjek dari 32 subjek nonvegetarian (15.6%) memiliki jumlah leukosit yang tergolong tidak normal. Hal tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor antara lain status gizi dan asupan zat gizi makro.…”

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Asupan Zat Gizi Makro, Status Gizi, dan Status Imun pada Vegetarian dan Non-Vegetarian

2017

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Latar Belakang : Status imun dapat menjadi salah satu penanda kondisi sistem imun di dalam tubuh. Vegetarian umumnya memiliki indeks massa tubuh (IMT) yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan non-vegetarian. Hal tersebut memberikan dampak positif terhadap status imun vegetarian. Di samping itu, vegetarian juga mengalami defisiensi beberapa zat gizi yang dapat menyebabkan dampak buruk pada status imun vegetarian. Salah satu penanda status imun tubuh yaitu jumlah leukosit, dimana leukosit merupakan imunologi pertama yang muncul untuk melawan patogen.Tujuan : Membandingkan asupan zat gizi makro, status gizi, dan status imun antara vegetarian dan non-vegetarian.Metode : Sampel penelitian sebanyak 64 wanita dipilih melalui consecutive sampling yang terdiri dari 32 subjek vegetarian dan 32 subjek non-vegetarian. Berat badan dan tinggi badan dari subjek diukur untuk menentukan status gizi. Asupan zat gizi makro diukur melalui Semi Quantitative-Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) dan dianalisis menggunakan program software gizi. Status imun diperoleh dari perhitungan jumlah sel darah putih (leukosit). Analisis statistik yang digunakan yaitu uji T Independen atau Mann-Whitney.Hasil : Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada status gizi (p=0.019), asupan karbohidrat (p=0.002), asupan serat (p=0.001), asupan lemak jenuh (p=0.001), dan asupan lemak tidak jenuh (p=0.001) antara vegetarian dan non-vegetarian.Simpulan : Asupan karbohidrat, serat, dan lemak tidak jenuh lebih tinggi pada vegetarian sementara status gizi dan asupan lemak jenuh lebih tinggi pada non-vegetarian.

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The Effect of Vegetarian Diet on Immune Response

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Zinc against COVID-19? Symptom surveillance and deficiency risk groups

Zinc against COVID-19? Symptom surveillance and deficiency risk groups

The impact of reduced red and processed meat consumption on cardiovascular risk factors; an intervention trial in healthy volunteers

Asupan Zat Gizi Makro, Status Gizi, dan Status Imun pada Vegetarian dan Non-Vegetarian

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