The effect of zinc hydroxystannate and zinc stannate on the fire properties of polyester resins containing additive-type halogenated flame retardants

Study of the thermal decomposition of flame-retarded unsaturated polyester resins by thermogravimetric analysis and Py-GC/MS

“…Zinc and tin containing inorganic additives, ZS and ZHS are effective flame-retardants and smoke suppressants in unsaturated polyester resins when used together with halogen type additives [26]. In this work, ZB, ZS and ZHS have been used in conjunction with APP and were found to be more effective in promoting charring at the end of decomposition stage than enhancing the thermal stability in the first and second stages of decomposition, Fig 3. The inclusion of APP in juxtaposition with smoke suppressants increased the production of CO and CO2 with respect to that of the control resin.…”

Zinc Stannates as Alternative Synergists in Selected Flame Retardant Systems

“…The initial stage is char promotion leading to reduction in the supply of flammable volatiles as evidenced by results in Table 3 with a second stage of gas phase oxidation of the soot and aromatic tars produced during polymer pyrolysis [39].…”

“…A degree of synergism was also observed between ZHS and iron III oxide with increased char formation being apparent although colouration was a problem with some Generally, smoke reduction can be difficult to quantify at times as it is dependent on compound and halogenated additive. Earlier work by Cusack et al [38,39] suggested that 2 wt% ZHS is more effective at reducing smoke obscuration (measured by cone calorimeter at 50kW/m 2 incident flux as smoke parameter) by promoting a 73% reduction compared with 45% for 2 wt% ATO in a chlorinated (as chlorendic anhydride)system with respect to the resin only value. Respective reductions are 42% and 12% in a brominated (as dibromoneopentyl glycol) system.…”

Flame‐retardant properties of magnesium hydroxystannate and strontium hydroxystannate coated calcium carbonate on soft poly(vinyl chloride)

“…This showed that the flame retardants mainly played their role in the condensation phase, and this agreed with the results in the literature. 11,13,[20][21][22] Hydrogen chloride is beneficial for extinguishing flames, and the faster it is formed, the more easily the flame will be extinguished. 5 Therefore, the higher weight losses of soft PVC treated with flame retardants versus those of neat PVC in the first decomposition stage showed the promoting action of dehydrochlorination for the flame retardants, which then resulted in better flame-retardant properties.…”

“…measurements. 21 The effect of the hydroxystannates and their corresponding coated CaCO 3 on the thermal degradation of soft PVC was studied with thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA); the TG-DTA curves and the relevant data are presented in Figure 3 and Table II, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, the TG curves of the given samples could be divided into two stages, and weight was lost mainly in the first stage, as can also be seen from Table II.…”