The Effectiveness of Electronic Stability Control (ESC) in Reducing Real Life Crashes and Injuries

Lie, Anders; Tingvall, Claes; Krafft, Maria; Kullgren, Anders

doi:10.1080/15389580500346838

Cited by 118 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…(Lie, Tingvall, Krafft & Kullgren 2005, Ferguson 2007). The ESC detects deviation between the actual lateral motion of the vehicle and the drivers intention, usually by comparing the vehicle's lateral acceleration and yaw rate with information computed from the steering wheel angle commanded by the driver.…”

Section: Yaw Stability Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control allocation—A survey

2013

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The control algorithm hierarchy of motion control for over-actuated mechanical systems with a redundant set of effectors and actuators commonly includes three levels. First, a high-level motion control algorithm commands a vector of virtual control efforts (i.e. forces and moments) in order to meet the overall motion control objectives. Second, a control allocation algorithm coordinates the different effectors such that they together produce the desired virtual control efforts, if possible. Third, low-level control algorithms may be used to control each individual effector via its actuators. Control allocation offers the advantage of a modular design where the high-level motion control algorithm can be designed without detailed knowledge about the effectors and actuators. Important issues such as input saturation and rate constraints, actuator and effector fault tolerance, and meeting secondary objectives such as power efficiency and tear-and-wear minimization are handled within the control allocation algorithm. The objective of the present paper is to survey control allocation algorithms, motivated by the rapidly growing range of applications that have expanded from the aerospace and maritime industries, where control allocation has its roots, to automotive, mechatronics, and other industries. The survey classifies the different algorithms according to two main classes based on the use of linear or nonlinear models, respectively. The presence of physical constraints (e.g input saturation and rate constraints), operational constraints and secondary objectives makes optimization-based design a powerful approach. The simplest formulations allow explicit solutions to be computed using numerical linear algebra in combination with some logic and engineering solutions, while the more challenging formulations with nonlinear models or complex constraints and objectives call for iterative numerical optimization procedures. Experiences using the different methods in aerospace, maritime, automotive and other application areas are discussed. The paper ends with some perspectives on new applications and theoretical challenges.

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Section: Yaw Stability Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control allocation—A survey

2013

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“…An analysis using induced exposure can be used when the true exposure is not available or not suitable, as argued in Evans (1998), Hautzinger (2003) and Lie et al (2006).…”

Section: Induced Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of low speed autonomous emergency braking in real-world rear-end crashes

Fildes

Keall

Bos

et al. 2015

Accident Analysis & Prevention

257

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“…Uptake of the feature has been swift in some European countries, with Lie et al (2006) reporting that in Sweden the proportion of new car sales equipped with ESC had increased from 15% in March 2003 to 69% in December 2004. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (2006) reports that ESC was standard on 40% of new cars sold in the USA in 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%