The effectiveness of financial purchase incentives for battery electric vehicles – A review of the evidence

Hardman, Scott; Chandan, Amrit; Tal, Gil; Turrentine, Tom

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.255

Cited by 297 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Rebates are more effective than tax credits. This finding is in line with studies that have pointed out that incentives closer to the point of sale are more effective, likely due to hyperbolic discounting by consumers of rewards that arrive later (Hardman et al 2017, Yang et al 2016, IEA 2017 Tax credits and rebates may be less effective on PHEVs than BEVs because their incremental cost (over a traditional gasoline vehicle) is lower. States such as Washington and Oregon registered a higher number of PHEV purchases with nearly insignificant amount of sales tax incentive or no tax incentive.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Doing so allows us to account for the marginal diminishing value to tax incentives on vehicles with higher MSRP. Based on a review of existing PEV literature synthesized in Hardman et al (2017), we also included HOV lane access as a factor likely to influence PEV adoption. Since nearly 80% of PEV owners charge at home (INL 2015, Plug Insights 2013, the availability of discounts at the state and local level for home EVSE installation and reduced utility charges for nightly charging are also included as factors that may influence PEV adoption.…”

Section: State Level Incentivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of demand-side incentives and charging infrastructure on plug-in electric vehicle adoption: analysis of US States

Narassimhan

Johnson

2018

Environ. Res. Lett.

108

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In the US, over 400 state and local incentives have been issued to increase the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) since 2008. This article quantifies the influence of key incentives and enabling factors like charging infrastructure and receptive demographics on PEV adoption. The study focuses on three central questions. First, do consumers respond to certain types of state level vehicle purchase incentives? Second, does the density of public charging infrastructure increase PEV purchases? Finally, does the impact of various factors differ for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), battery electric vehicles (BEV) and vehicle attributes within each category? Based on a regression of vehicle purchase data from 2008-2016, we found that tax incentives and charging infrastructure significantly influence per capita PEV purchases. Within tax incentives, rebates are generally more effective than tax credits. BEV purchases are more affected by tax incentives than PHEVs. The correlation of public charging and vehicle purchases increases with the battery-only driving range of a PHEV, while decreasing with increasing driving range of BEVs. Results indicate that early investments in charging infrastructure, particularly along highways; tax incentives targeting affordable BEVs and PHEVs with higher battery only range, and better reflection of the environmental cost of owning gasoline vehicles are likely to increase PEV adoption in the US.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: State Level Incentivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of demand-side incentives and charging infrastructure on plug-in electric vehicle adoption: analysis of US States

Narassimhan

Johnson

2018

Environ. Res. Lett.

108

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“…Especially in studies with revealed preference data these effects are found to be insignificant. Significant effects are found for financial policy measures (Hardman, Chandan, et al, 2017) which directly influence the internal factors of the car. Policy measures such as free parking (Cherchi, 2017;Fearnley, Pfaffenbichler, Figenbaum, & Jellinek, 2015;Hoen & Koetse, 2014) and access to HOV/Bus lines (Bjerkan et al, 2016;Chorus, Koetse, & Hoen, 2013) have provided mixed evidence in support of a positive effect on EV purchase intention.…”

Section: Ev Purchase Intentions and Charging Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Policy effects on charging behaviour of electric vehicle owners and on purchase intentions of prospective owners: Natural and stated choice experiments

Wolbertus

Kroesen

Hoed

et al. 2018

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

104

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Policy effects on charging behaviour of electric vehicle owners and on purchase intentions of prospective owners: Natural and stated choice experimentsWolbertus, Rick; Kroesen, Maarten; van den Hoed, Robert; Chorus, Caspar G. AbstractPolicy makers are looking for effective ways to promote the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Among the options is the roll-out and management of charging infrastructure to meet the EV drivers' refuelling needs. However, policies in this area do not only have a long-term effect on the adoption of EVs among prospective owners, they also have short-term impacts on the usage of public charging infrastructure among current EV owners and vice-versa. Presently, studies focusing on both effects simultaneously are lacking, missing out on possible cross-pollination between these areas. This study uniquely combines stated and revealed preference data to estimate the effect of particular policy measures aimed at EV adoption, on the one hand, and charging behaviour, on the other. Using a large dataset (1.7 million charging sessions) related to charging behaviour using public charging infrastructure in the Netherlands we quantify the effects of (i) daytime-parking (to manage parking pressure) and (ii) free parking (to promote purchase of EVs) policies on charging behaviour. To estimate the effects of these particular policies on EV purchase intentions, a stated choice experiment was conducted among potential EV-buyers. Results show that cross-pollinations between EV charging and adaptation policies exist and should be taken into account when designing policies for EV adoption.©2018. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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“…

AbstractThis paper presents a literature review of studies that investigate infrastructure needs to support the market introduction of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs).

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is the autho s e sio of a o k that was published in the following source: Hardman, S.; Jenn, A.; Beard, G.; Daina, N.;Figenbaum, E.; Jochem, P. E. P.; Kinnear, N. A. D.; Pontes, J. P.;Refa, N.;Turrentine, T. S.; Witkamp, B. (2018).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of consumer preferences of and interactions with electric vehicle charging infrastructure

Hardman

Jenn

Tal

et al. 2018

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

Self Cite

524

211

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This is the autho s e sio of a o k that was published in the following source: Hardman, S.; Jenn, A.; Beard, G.; Daina, N.;Figenbaum, E.; Jochem, P. E. P.; Kinnear, N. A. D.; Pontes, J. P.;Refa, N.;Turrentine, T. S.; Witkamp, B. (2018). AbstractThis paper presents a literature review of studies that investigate infrastructure needs to support the market introduction of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). It focuses on literature relating to consumer preferences for charging infrastructure, and how consumers interact with and use this infrastructure. This includes studies that use questionnaire surveys, interviews, modelling, GPS data from vehicles, and data from electric vehicle charging equipment. These studies indicate that the most important location for PEV charging is at home, followed by work, and then public locations. Studies have found that more effort is needed to ensure consumers have easy access to PEV charging and that charging at home, work, or public locations should not be free of cost. Research indicates that PEV charging will not impact electricity grids on the short term, however charging may need to be managed when the vehicles are deployed in greater numbers. In some areas of study the literature is not sufficiently mature to draw any conclusions from. More research is especially needed to determine how much infrastructure is needed to support the roll out of PEVs. This paper ends with policy implications and suggests avenues of future research.Next, we provide background information on charging modes and levels and then introduce the approach to the literature review. Section 2 then summarises the literature, whilst Section 3 concludes with insights for policymakers and literature gaps.

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The effectiveness of financial purchase incentives for battery electric vehicles – A review of the evidence

Cited by 297 publications

References 24 publications

The role of demand-side incentives and charging infrastructure on plug-in electric vehicle adoption: analysis of US States

The role of demand-side incentives and charging infrastructure on plug-in electric vehicle adoption: analysis of US States

Policy effects on charging behaviour of electric vehicle owners and on purchase intentions of prospective owners: Natural and stated choice experiments

A review of consumer preferences of and interactions with electric vehicle charging infrastructure

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