“…Previous studies have attributed about 50% of the variance in ASPD to genetic factors (Ferguson, 2010; Rautiainen et al, 2016; Rosenstrom et al, 2017). Research on genetic factors contributing to ASPD has mostly focused on monoamine‐like transmitter‐related genes such as tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) (Nielsen et al, 1992), serotonin receptor (HTR) (Kling et al, 2008), serotonin transporter (5‐HTT/SLC6A4) (Douglas et al, 2011; Sah et al, 2021), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) (Kolla, et al, 2017), dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) (Ponce et al, 2009), androgen receptor (AR) (Raine, 2018), and catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) (Cuartas Arias et al, 2011). In turn, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are associated with three dimensions of personality traits: Novelty seeking, avoidance, and reward dependence, respectively (Cloninger, 1988).…”