The Effects of Acetylcholine and Methacholine Upon the Human Colon 1

Kern, Fred; Almy, Thomas P.

doi:10.1172/jci102641

Cited by 30 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…12,13 Particularly, shrinkage of the MBs is a characteristic nding for CTE and is one of the supportive neuropathological ndings in the consensus criteria. 25 Furthermore, MB dysfunction is suggested to play a signi cant role in producing memory loss, cognitive impairment, and eventual dementia. 26 However, the exact mechanism underlying MB shrinkage in CTE is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between mammillary body atrophy and memory impairment in retired athletes with a history of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury

Miyata

Takahata

Sano

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Cognitive dysfunction, especially memory impairment, is a typical clinical feature of long-term symptoms caused by repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI). The current study aims to investigate the relationship between regional brain atrophy and cognitive impairments in retired athletes with a long history of rmTBI. Overall, 27 retired athletes with a history of rmTBI (18 boxers, 3 kickboxers, 2 wrestlers, and 4 others; rmTBI group) and 23 age/sex-matched healthy participants (control group) were enrolled. MPRAGE on 3T MRI was acquired and segmented. The total brain volume (TBV) and regional brain volumes of the mammillary bodies (MBs), hippocampi, amygdalae, thalami, caudate nuclei, and corpus callosum (CC) were estimated using the SPM12 and ITK–SNAP tools. The rmTBI group underwent neuropsychological tests for verbal and visual memory, attention, executive function, and global cognitive function. TBV and TBV-adjusted regional brain volumes were compared between rmTBI and control participants using the Mann-Whitney U test. Furthermore, we assessed the relationship of the memory test to TBV and TBV-adjusted regional brain volumes by the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The TBV and TBV–adjusted regional brain volumes were compared between groups, and the relationship between the neuropsychological test scores and the regional brain volumes were evaluated. Compared with the control group, the rmTBI group showed significantly lower MBs volume/TBV ratio (0.13 ± 0.05 vs. 0.19 ± 0.03 ×10− 3, p < 0.05) and The CC volume/TBV ratio (12.5 ± 1.63 vs. 13.6 ± 1.81 ×10− 3, p < 0.05). The MBs volume/TBV ratio correlated with visual and verbal memory, as assessed, respectively, by the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure test delayed recall (ρ = 0.48, p < 0.05) and logical memory delayed recall (ρ = 0.41, p < 0.05). The CC volume/TBV ratio didn’t correlate with any cognitive assessment result (p > 0.05). MB disconnection from the Papez circuit is associated with memory impairment in retired athletes with rmTBI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between mammillary body atrophy and memory impairment in retired athletes with a history of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury

Miyata

Takahata

Sano

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…In the charcoal meal transit model, the inhibition of both transit and intestinal motility observed suggest that the extract may contain bioactive compounds which act by inhibiting acetylcholine activity in the gastrointestinal tract. The crucial role played by acetylcholine in the initiation and maintenance of intestinal motility has been extensively studied (18,(23)(24)(25). Acetylcholine induces contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle through cholinergic signalling, which is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors present on the surface of smooth muscle cells in the intestine (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Anti-diarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory, and Analgesic Effects of the Polyherbal Formulation, Aju Mbaise in Experimental Rats.

Uroko

Ijioma

Ogbonna

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Aju Mbaise is a combination of herbs that is widely used in the southeast part of Nigeria for the purpose of managing postpartum complications and alleviating menstrual pain. The study aimed at assessing the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrheal properties of Aju mbaise extract in rats. Methods: The extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity testing. Subsequently, the anti-diarrheal effects of the extract were evaluated by administering charcoal as a meal and then using the castor oil-induced models. The evaluation of its anti-inflammatory effects was conducted through the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, while its analgesic properties were assessed using the acetic acid-induced pain model. Results: Alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins were among the components that the phytochemical study revealed to be present. The acute toxicity value was also greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. In animal studies, the extract displayed significant inhibitory effects on intestinal motility, while also reducing the wet stool frequency. The castor oil-induced model exhibited a decrease in the weight of intestinal contents and an elevation in serum electrolyte levels. Additionally, in the anti-inflammatory study, the extract was observed to suppress paw oedema, and in the analgesic study, it demonstrated a reduction in acetic acid-induced pain in rats. Conclusions: The Aju mbaise polyherbal extract possesses anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties, making it a potentially safe option for managing diarrhoea, inflammation, and pain. These therapeutic effects may be attributed to the extract's composition of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins. Nonetheless, additional research is necessary to establish the extract's ideal dosages and potential adverse effects.

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“…16 Results of functional and electrophysiological studies indicate the significance of cholinergic excitatory mechanisms for transmission within the ENS and for the innervation of both muscle and secretory cells. 17 In particular, the sigmoid colonic motility changes induced by ACh mimicked the functional sigmoid response in patients with diarrhea 18 and this segment can be affected by benign diseases. 19 However, still little is known about the cholinergic innervation of the human sigmoid colon.…”

Section: A Tissue Clearing Technique Called Clarity (Clear Lipid-exchmentioning

confidence: 97%

Intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon revealed using CLARITY, three‐dimensional (3D) imaging, and a novel anti‐human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum

Yuan¹,

Bellier

Li³

et al. 2020

Neurogastroenterology Motil

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Background: We previously reported the specificity of a novel anti-human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum for immunostaining of cholinergic neuronal cell bodies and fibers in the human colon. In this study, we investigate 3D architecture of intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon and the relationship with nitrergic neurons in the enteric plexus. Methods: We developed a modified CLARITY tissue technique applicable for clearing human sigmoid colon specimens and immunostaining with hpChAT antiserum and co-labeling with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibody. The Z-stack confocal images were processed for 3D reconstruction/segmentation/digital tracing and computational quantitation by Imaris 9.2 and 9.5.

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The Effects of Acetylcholine and Methacholine Upon the Human Colon 1

Cited by 30 publications

References 9 publications

Association between mammillary body atrophy and memory impairment in retired athletes with a history of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury

Association between mammillary body atrophy and memory impairment in retired athletes with a history of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury

Evaluation of the Anti-diarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory, and Analgesic Effects of the Polyherbal Formulation, Aju Mbaise in Experimental Rats.

Intrinsic cholinergic innervation in the human sigmoid colon revealed using CLARITY, three‐dimensional (3D) imaging, and a novel anti‐human peripheral choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antiserum

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