The Effects of Allium sativum Extracts on Biofilm Formation and Activities of Six Pathogenic Bacteria

Abstract

Background:Garlic is considered a rich source of many compounds, which shows antimicrobial effects. The ability of microorganisms to adhere to both biotic and abiotic surfaces and to form biofilm is responsible for a number of diseases of chronic nature, demonstrating extremely high resistance to antibiotics. Bacterial biofilms are complex communities of sessile microorganisms, embedded in an extracellular matrix and irreversibly attached to various surfaces.Objectives:The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Allium sativum extract against the biofilms of six pathogenic bacteria and their free-living forms. The clinical isolates in this study had not been studied in any other studies, especially in regard to biofilm disruption and inhibition of biofilm cell metabolic activity.Materials and Methods:Antimicrobial activities of A. sativum L. extracts (methanol and ethanol extracts) against planktonic forms of bacteria were determined using the disc diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were evaluated by a macrobroth dilution technique. The anti-biofilm effects were assessed by microtiter plate method.Results:The results showed that the A. sativum L. extract discs did not have any zone of inhibition for the tested bacteria. However, The MIC values of A. sativum L. extracts (0.078 - 2.5 mg/mL) confirmed the high ability of these extracts for inhibition of planktonic bacteria. A. sativum L. extracts were efficient to inhibit biofilm structures and the concentration of each extract had a direct relation with the inhibitory effect.Conclusions:Finally, it can be suggested that the extracts of this plant be applied as antimicrobial agents against these pathogens, particularly in biofilm forms.

The Most Important Herbs Used in the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Traditional Medicine

“…Garlic, Garlic is a natural, highly effective antibiotic for the treatment of various infections and its antibacterial properties are microbicidal. The extract of this plant eliminates vaginal yeast infections and reduces pain [53][54][55][56]. Treating gynecological infections by using tea tree oil, Tea tree oil treats the infection with its strong antibacterial, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties [57][58][59].…”

Inhibition of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> Biofilm Formation by Methanolic Extract of <i>Nothoscordum bivalve</i>

“…Finally, 200 µl of ethanol (CTR Scientific) were added and plates were read using a microplate reader (Epoch) at a wavelength of 570 nm. The percent inhibition of the biofilm was determined using the following formula [25].…”

Phytochemical Screening by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (Hplc) and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Solvent Fractions of Areca Nuts Against Bacillus Subtilis Biofilm

“…It was incubated for 24 hours at 37 ºC. After 24 hours, the zone of inhibition (mm) was recorded 12 .…”

“…Biofilm production was also confirmed in flask by giving the 1 % inoculum of B. subtilis in 100 ml nutrient broth (Oxoid) followed by incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours. After 24 hours, biofilm was observed, it was mixed with the broth medium and OD was taken at 600 nm 12 .…”

“…The disruption of biofilm was determined by using crystal violet. Then the percentage of reduction in biofilm structures was calculated 12 .…”