The effects of (+)-amphetamine and apomorphine on responding for a conditioned reinforcer

Mazurski, Evalynn J.; Beninger, Richard J.

doi:10.1007/bf00181249

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This observation fits with the well-known ability of acute amphetamine to increase the response to conditioned cues (Robbins, 1978;Beninger et al, 1981;Robbins et al, 1983;Mazurski and Beninger, 1986). Indeed, the increase in collect responses made following amphetamine administration could simply be another example of this drug's ability to increase prepotent responding for reward, as exemplified by increased response rates on differential reinforcement of low rate schedules (Segal, 1962;Sanger, 1978) and elevated premature responding on the five-choice serial reaction time task (Cole and Robbins, 1987;Harrison et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Dopamine Modulates Reward Expectancy During Performance of a Slot Machine Task in Rats: Evidence for a ‘Near-miss’ Effect

Winstanley

Cocker

Rogers

2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Cognitive accounts of gambling suggest that the experience of almost winning-so-called 'near-misses'-encourage continued play and accelerate the development of pathological gambling (PG) in vulnerable individuals. One explanation for this effect is that near-misses signal imminent winning outcomes and heighten reward expectancy, galvanizing further play. Determining the neurochemical processes underlying the drive to gamble could facilitate the development of more effective treatments for PG. With this aim in mind, we evaluated rats' performance on a novel model of slot machine play, a form of gambling in which near-miss events are particularly salient. Subjects responded to a series of three flashing lights, loosely analogous to the wheels of a slot machine, causing the lights to set to 'on' or 'off'. A winning outcome was signaled if all three lights were illuminated. At the end of each trial, rats chose between responding on the 'collect' lever, resulting in reward on win trials, but a time penalty on loss trials, or starting a new trial. Rats showed a marked preference for the collect lever when both two and three lights were illuminated, indicating heightened reward expectancy following near-misses similar to wins. Erroneous collect responses were increased by amphetamine and the D(2) receptor agonist quinpirole, but not by the D(1) receptor agonist SKF 81297 or receptor subtype selective antagonists. These data suggest that dopamine modulates reward expectancy following the experience of almost winning during slot machine play, via activity at D(2) receptors, and this may result in an enhancement of the near-miss effect and facilitate further gambling.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Dopamine Modulates Reward Expectancy During Performance of a Slot Machine Task in Rats: Evidence for a ‘Near-miss’ Effect

Winstanley

Cocker

Rogers

2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Here we show that amphetamine enhances reinforcing efficacy regardless of the cues' initial incentive value. This broad effect on behavior may be unique to psychostimulants compared to other drugs, and may be related to its ability to enhance the reinforcing efficacy of a broad class of cues [40], [74]–[81]. For example, the ability of nicotine to enhance the reinforcing effect of visual stimuli was systematically related to the strength of the reinforcer [82].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Form of a Conditioned Stimulus Can Influence the Degree to Which It Acquires Incentive Motivational Properties

2014

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There is considerable individual variation in the extent to which food- and drug-associated cues (conditioned stimuli, CSs) acquire incentive salience, as indicated by whether they elicit approach towards them, and/or act as conditioned reinforcers. Here we asked whether this variation is influenced by properties of the CS itself. In rats, we assessed both the attractiveness and conditioned reinforcing properties of two CSs: a manipulable lever CS versus an auditory (tone) CS. There was considerable individual variation in the extent to which a lever CS acquired incentive motivational properties, as indicated by whether it became attractive (evoked a sign-tracking or goal-tracking conditioned response) or acted as a conditioned reinforcer. However, with a tone CS all rats learned a goal-tracking response, and the tone CS was an equally effective conditioned reinforcer in sign-trackers and goal-trackers. Even when presented in compound (a lever-tone CS), the two elements of the compound differentially acquired motivational properties. In contrast, amphetamine and stress potentiated the conditioned reinforcing properties of both visual and auditory CSs similarly in rats that primarily sign-tracked or goal-tracked. We conclude that variation in the to the ability of CSs to acquire incentive salience, and thus their ability to act as incentive stimuli capable of motivating behavior, is determined in part by properties of the CS itself.

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“…There are a number of studies that have reported the effects of d -amphetamine on responding for CRs [22, 34, 35, 37, 39–41]. In general, these studies report increases in the absolute rate of active responding and smaller, less consistent increases in the absolute rates of inactive responding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of novelty and methamphetamine on conditioned and sensory reinforcement

Lloyd

Kausch

Gancarz

et al. 2012

Behavioural Brain Research

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Background Light onset can be both a sensory reinforcer (SR) with intrinsic reinforcing properties, and a conditioned reinforcer (CR) which predicts a biologically important reinforcer. Stimulant drugs, such as methamphetamine (METH), may increase the reinforcing effectiveness of CRs by enhancing the predictive properties of the CR. In contrast, METH-induced increases in the reinforcing effectiveness of SRs, are mediated by the immediate sensory consequences of the light. Methods The effects of novelty (on SRs) and METH (on both CRs and SRs) were tested. Experiment 1: Rats were pre-exposed to 5 s light and water pairings presented according to a variable-time (VT) 2 min schedule or unpaired water and light presented according to independent, concurrent VT 2 min schedules. Experiment 2: Rats were pre-exposed to 5 s light presented according to a VT 2 min schedule, or no stimuli. In both experiments, the pre-exposure phase was followed by a test phase in which 5 s light onset was made response-contingent on a variable-interval (VI) 2 min schedule and the effects of METH (0.5 mg/kg) were determined. Results Novel light onset was a more effective reinforcer than familiar light onset. METH increased the absolute rate of responding without increasing the relative frequency of responding for both CRs and SRs. Conclusion Novelty plays a role in determining the reinforcing effectiveness of SRs. The results are consistent with the interpretation that METH-induced increases in reinforcer effectiveness of CRs and SRs may be mediated by immediate sensory consequences, rather than prediction.

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The effects of (+)-amphetamine and apomorphine on responding for a conditioned reinforcer

Cited by 31 publications

References 13 publications

Dopamine Modulates Reward Expectancy During Performance of a Slot Machine Task in Rats: Evidence for a ‘Near-miss’ Effect

Dopamine Modulates Reward Expectancy During Performance of a Slot Machine Task in Rats: Evidence for a ‘Near-miss’ Effect

The Form of a Conditioned Stimulus Can Influence the Degree to Which It Acquires Incentive Motivational Properties

Effects of novelty and methamphetamine on conditioned and sensory reinforcement

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