The effects of apology and perceived status relations on willingness of Israeli-Arabs to seek help from Israeli-Jews.

Halabi, Samer; Eshan, Arin; Dovidio, John F.

doi:10.1037/pac0000574

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Substantial amount of time is needed for perpetrators to come to the point where they can sincerely offer apology as well as for victims to be ready to even consider granting forgiveness (Wohl et al, 2011). Also, untimely apologies may increase suspicion and do more harm than no apology at all (Halabi et al, 2021). Our participants argued that at the time of the research it was already too late for any apology to be meaningful, but findings from a recent study by Zoodsma and Schaafsma (2021) tell a different story.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deeds, not words: Understanding intergroup apology and forgiveness from different sides of conflict.

Štambuk¹,

Biruški²,

Kapović³

2022

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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Repairing broken intergroup relations after conflict is a challenging process that becomes particularly complex when perpetrators and victims continue to live in the same community. In the present study, we have asked participants from different sides of the 1991-1995 conflict in Croatia to disentangle their understanding of apology and forgiveness 20 years after the war. We conducted focus groups with people who suffered war-related personal losses, those with no such losses, and young adults born after the conflict. The major research question was as follows: How do different community actors understand intergroup apology and forgiveness and its relevance for the peaceful future in the postconflict ethnically mixed communities? A total of 65 persons participated in 11 focus groups (36 Serbs and 29 Croats; 35 women and 30 men; aged 20-78 years) who had lived in two ethnically mixed towns (Knin and Vukovar) before and during the war. Our results showed no substantial differences in how people with different experiences or from different sides of conflict understood intergroup apology and forgiveness. However, the meaningfulness of apologyforgiveness cycles was impaired by mistrust in the sincerity of apologies and by strong differences in opinions about preconditions for intergroup apology and forgiveness between two ethnic groups. Our results show that an outright apology and forgiveness may not be necessary for the communities that suffered mutual massive violence. Rather, exchange of mutual social gestures showing readiness for contact and moving on with everyday living could be more constructive ways for community social reconstruction. Public Significance StatementIn this study, we elaborate on how people from different sides of conflict, with different experiences and from different generations understand the concepts of intergroup apology and forgiveness after the conflict and their relevance for future community intergroup relations. The results confirmed the complexity of phenomena and emotional, cognitive, and motivational challenges operating in considering common future and social recovery among community members.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deeds, not words: Understanding intergroup apology and forgiveness from different sides of conflict.

Štambuk¹,

Biruški²,

Kapović³

2022

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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“…Perceptions of trustworthiness and untrustworthiness play a large role in intergroup contexts (Bar-Tal & Alon, 2016;Bergsieker, 2012;Halabi et al, 2021;Lloyd et al, 2017;Tropp, 2008). Because distrust between racial and ethnic social categories fuels much of the conflict and apprehension between groups (Campbell, 1967;Tropp & Prenovost, 2008), understanding the process of attributions of trustworthiness on Black and White faces is essential to improving race relations.…”

Section: Current Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although understanding how people form impressions of others is essential to comprehending and improving interpersonal and intergroup relations, to fully appreciate this process, research must not only consider the facial features of the target but also the characteristics of the perceiver (Freeman & Ambady, 2011). This is especially important in an intergroup context and with critical impressions such as trustworthiness (Bar-Tal & Alon, 2016;Halabi et al, 2021;Tropp, 2008). Facial trustworthiness is a key dimension in person perception and predicts critical social outcomes (Oosterhof & Todorov, 2008;Todorov, 2017;Todorov & Oh, 2021).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles on perceived trustworthiness of Black and White faces: A Black perspective.

Kawakami,

Meyers,

Friesen

2024

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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In five experiments, we investigated how Black participants perceive Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles on Black and White targets. Results consistently demonstrated that when assessing happiness, faces with Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles were rated as happier on both Black and White targets. However, when assessing a more socially evaluative dimension, trustworthiness, perceptions of Black and White targets diverged. Whereas White targets with Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles were rated as more trustworthy, ratings of Black targets with Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles did not differ, with both appraised as highly trustworthy. Although the degree to which Black participants identified with their race did not moderate these effects, the perceived genuineness of targets did mediate the relationship. One reason why Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles on White but not Black targets were perceived as more trustworthy is because Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles on White but not Black targets were perceived as more genuine. A final study extended these findings by exploring the impact of target race and smile type on partner choice. In accordance with the results related to trustworthiness ratings, Black participants selected White partners with Duchenne compared to non-Duchenne smiles more often but did not differentiate in their choice of Black partners with Duchenne versus non-Duchenne smiles. These findings underscore the importance of investigating not only diverse targets but also diverse perceivers. Our results suggest that Black perceivers use facial cues differently when rating the trustworthiness of Black and White targets and that these perceptions have important downstream consequences. Public Significance StatementGiven the lack of representation in the face-processing literature, researchers have recently been called upon to go beyond White participants and include other racial groups when investigating how people form impressions from facial cues. The primary goal of the present research was, therefore, to examine how Black perceivers are impacted by emotional cues in perceptions of happiness and attributions of trustworthiness to White and Black faces. Our findings indicate that Black perceivers were impacted by even subtle cues related to Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles on both Black and White targets when assessing happiness. However, when assessing trustworthiness, these participants differed in their ratings of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles on White but not Black targets. Furthermore, our findings indicate that these perceptions can have important consequences for our willingness to interact with members of different racial groups. With growing racial tension and intergroup conflict, it is especially important that future research develops a deeper, more thoughtful understanding not only of White peoples' perceptions of key characteristics such as trustworthiness on White faces, as well as other racial faces, but also other racial groups' perceptions of these faces.

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“…For example, an increase in victims’ willingness to reconcile was higher in conditions of empowerment. Simultaneously, the reverse pattern was actual for perpetrators, whose desire to reconcile increased in a state of acceptance (Salomon, 2011; Shnabel & Nadler, 2008; see also about apology in intergroup relations: Halabi et al, 2021).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning about dialogue and partnership between rival groups during an intractable conflict.

Kapshuk¹,

Shapira²

2022

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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The present study focuses on a minority group of Israeli Arab students who learned about dialogue and partnership between Arab and Jewish communities in a mixed college in Israel. The real-time study of the damaging effects of the intractable conflict suggests a unique model based on three concepts—shallow roots need constant watering, extended contact, and minimizing status differences (SEM)—for intervention in peace education. The first concept reflects the conceptualization of peace education initiatives operating on cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. The second concept is based on encounters with the outgroup by watching videos showing intergroup meetings and shared lives; the third concept minimizes the asymmetry in powers between the groups. Two questions guided our research: (a) How did the course that coincided with an outbreak of violence in an intractable conflict affect the Israeli Arab students who learn in a mixed college? (b) How did the SEM model affect Israeli Arab students’ trust in reconciliation during an intractable conflict? The findings indicate a complex picture: negative emotions, descriptions of racism, and a more negative perception of the other side. However, the course, which emphasized the conflict and its consequences and complexities, also evoked feelings of hope, trust, and a desire for reconciliation. Therefore, this study’s unique model for learning about partnership and dialogue in a complex and challenging situation may be helpful to other situations of peace education during an intractable conflict.

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The effects of apology and perceived status relations on willingness of Israeli-Arabs to seek help from Israeli-Jews.

Cited by 3 publications

References 35 publications

Deeds, not words: Understanding intergroup apology and forgiveness from different sides of conflict.

Deeds, not words: Understanding intergroup apology and forgiveness from different sides of conflict.

Impact of Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles on perceived trustworthiness of Black and White faces: A Black perspective.

Learning about dialogue and partnership between rival groups during an intractable conflict.

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