This chapter uses a developmental approach to understand how collective victimhood is transmitted from generation to generation, focusing on the role of the family and drawing on research examples from Vukovar, Croatia, and Northern Ireland. In these two postaccord and divided societies, ethnic socialization in families serves as a major mechanism through which children and youth learn about their group’s history of victimization. The narratives that are shared include both societal narratives of the group’s collective experiences of suffering and individual narratives of family members’ personal experiences. The chapter stresses the active, agentic role of youth in eliciting narratives of collective victimhood when they are often faced with silence. Through the process of developmental provocation, children can stimulate transmission by asking questions, often in response to information received through other socialization agents such as schools or the media.

Parental competitive victimhood and interethnic discrimination among their children: The mediating role of ethnic socialization and symbolic threat to the in-group.

The purpose of this study was to test the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between social anxiety and subjective well-being while taking into account the multidimensionality of social anxiety. Reaching this aim was preceded by examining the psychometric properties of the Croatian translation of the SPIN on a sample of 202 students. The results show support for the one-dimensional structure of the SPIN. However, it has also been shown that several items of the inventory may be redundant and that a 2-factor structure (12 items) fits the data better. The first factor was described as "observation situations and negative evaluation", while the second represented "social avoidance and fear". The total SPIN score showed convergent and divergent construct validity as well as high levels of internal consistency and test--retest reliability. Loneliness fully mediated the relationship between social anxiety and subjective well-being. The symptoms of social anxiety that contribute to its relation with subjective well-being through loneliness are those related to the concerns of being negatively evaluated or merely observed by others when experiencing or doing something.

Parenting desires, intentions, and the underlying motivation for parenthood are well documented in the context of heterosexual couple parenthood, while among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ) people research is limited. The main goal of this study was to explore parenting desire and different reasons to become a parent or remain childfree among LGBTIQ people in Croatia. 486 childless LGBTIQ people participated in an on-line survey. In the quantitative part of the study, parenting desire and reasons for and against parenthood were measured, while the qualitative part analysed the answers to open-ended questions about additional reasons that influence the desire to want or not to want children. The results showed that 46% of the participants want to become parents, 35% did not know, and 19% reported they do not want to have children. The main reasons for parenthood among the participants who want children were internal-the desire to give love, share knowledge, and develop a special bond with a child. The participants who do not want to have children also stressed internal reasons against parenthood, such as restricted personal freedom, high responsibility, and the amount of workload they perceive as a part of parenthood. Several additional reasons for and against parenthood emerged from the qualitative data. Some reasons reflected universal issues unrelated to sexual orientation or gender identity, while others conveyed concerns related to social and legal barriers that LGBTIQ people face when it comes to parenthood.

Despite the decline in prejudice towards LGBT people, the issue of parenthood is still controversial with negative attitudes towards LGBT parents being openly expressed. This study aimed to examine attitudes towards parenting by same-sex couples using a vignette design. Parenting condition (parent's negative vs positive reaction), active parent's gender (mother vs father) and family composition (different-sex vs same-sex couple) were varied to test differences in the evaluations of parenting, child behaviour, family environment, social distance and willingness to grant rights. 392 heterosexual and cisgender students from the University of Zagreb (87% female, 13% male), aged 18 to 37, participated in an online study. After reading one of the eight vignettes, participants evaluated parenting, child behaviour, family environment, social distance and rights of the family described in the vignette. The results showed that parenting and family environment were evaluated as better, and participants were less convinced that the child's behaviour is the result of parents' relationship in the positive parenting condition than in the negative. Social distance was lower towards parents in the positive parenting condition than in the negative and-unexpectedly-towards same-sex in comparison to different-sex couples. Participants were more inclined to grant family rights to parents from the positive than to those from the negative parenting condition. Although other results suggested unbiased attitudes towards same-sex couples' parenting, participants were less inclined to grant same-sex couples family rights in comparison to different-254 Revija za sociologiju | Croatian Sociological Review 49 (2019), 2: 253-281 sex couples. The findings reflect an important mechanism underlying the stability of prejudice-a resistance towards generalising attitudes from individual cases to a group. This can be used in efforts to confront prejudice against parenting among LGBT people.