The effects of ascorbic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid supplementation on the breast milk and maternal nutritional status of low socioeconomic lactating women

Sneed, S M; Zane, Claire E.; Thomas, Mark

doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.7.1338

Cited by 98 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…When comparing infants from multivitamin-supplemented mothers to infants from non-multivitamin-supplemented mothers, we found a major effect in serum vitamin B12 at 6 weeks that was sustained through 6 months of age. Observational studies had suggested that the vitamin B12 status of newborns is strongly associated with that of their mothers (Bjorke Monsen et al, 2001) and that correction of deficiencies through vitamin B12 supplementation among presumably HIV-uninfected mothers resulted in greater B12 concentrations in breast milk (Thomas et al, 1979(Thomas et al, , 1980Sneed et al, 1981). It has been described that vitamin B12 concentrations decrease in the newborn during the first 6-8 weeks (Bjorke Monsen & Ueland, 2003); our results suggest that maternal supplementation with multivitamins at multiples of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) in USA could prevent such a decrease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies among presumably HIV-uninfected women have shown that supplementation with vitamins A and B12 during early lactation increases the concentrations of nutrients in breast milk and results in improved vitamin status of infants during the first 6 months (Thomas et al, 1979;Sneed et al, 1981;Stoltzfus et al, 1993;Roy et al, 1997;Muslimatun et al, 2001;Bahl et al, 2002). Therefore, it has been proposed that vitamin supplementation to lactating mothers may be an efficient way to improve the vitamin status of both mothers and infants (Stoltzfus et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants

et al. 2005

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Objective: We examined whether supplementation with vitamin A and/or vitamins B, C, and E to HIV-infected women during pregnancy and lactation is related to increased concentrations of vitamins A, B12, and E in their infants during the first 6 months of life. Design: We carried out a randomized clinical trial among 716 mother-infant pairs in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Women were randomly allocated to receive a daily oral dose of one of four regimens: vitamin A, multivitamins (B, C, and E), multivitamins including A, or placebo. Supplementation started at first prenatal visit and continued after delivery throughout the breastfeeding period. The serum concentration of vitamins A, E and B12 was measured in infants at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Results: Maternal vitamin A supplementation increased serum retinol in the infants at 6 weeks (mean difference ¼ 0.09 mmol/l, Po0.0001) and 6 months (mean difference ¼ 0.06 mmol/l, P ¼ 0.0002), and decreased the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency, but had no impact on serum vitamins E or B12. Multivitamins increased serum vitamin B12 at 6 weeks and 6 months (mean differences ¼ 176 pmol/l, Po0.0001 and 127 pmol/l, Po0.0001, respectively) and vitamin E (mean differences ¼ 1.8 mmol/l, P ¼ 0.0008 and 1.1 mmol/l, P ¼ 0.004, respectively) and decreased the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency. Conclusions: Vitamin supplementation to HIV-1-infected women is effective in improving the vitamin status of infants during the first 6 months of age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants

et al. 2005

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“…Others have shown that lactation does not affect the level of folate (Cole et al, 1974;Thomas et al, 1980;Ek, 1983). A possible B12 depletion during lactation is apparently less common than folate depletion (Shapiro et al, 1965;Sneed et al, 1981;Dostalova, 1984;Donangelo et al, 1989;Keizer et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Several investigations show an increased risk of suboptimal folate status (Matoth et al, 1965;Donangelo et al, 1989;Lehti, 1989;Ramlau-Hansen et al, 2003;Villalpando et al, 2003) and a reduction in folate stores during the lactation period (Shapiro et al, 1965;Tamura et al, 1980;Butte et al, 1981;Sneed et al, 1981;Smith et al, 1983;Dostalova, 1984;Bruinse et al, 1985;Bates et al, 1986;Salmenpera et al, 1986;Keizer et al, 1995;Mackey and Picciano, 1999) in women with no folic acid supplementation and with a diet insufficient in folate. Others have shown that lactation does not affect the level of folate (Cole et al, 1974;Thomas et al, 1980;Ek, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folate and vitamin B12 in relation to lactation: a 9-month postpartum follow-up study

et al. 2005

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Objective: To investigate the relation between lactation and markers of folate and vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency in women with and without vitamin supplementation. Design: A 9-month follow-up study. Subjects and methods: Blood samples from 91 women, who gave birth to a single healthy child, were collected 3 weeks, 4 and 9 months postpartum and analysed for circulating level of homocysteine (tHcy), methylmalonic acid (MMA), folate and B12. The participants were categorized as exclusively, partly or not breast-feeding dependent on the degree of lactation 4 months postpartum. During follow-up, lifestyle factors were recorded by structured interviews. Results: Among 72 exclusively breast-feeding women, the median (10-90% percentile) tHcy was 5.8 (3.1-8.3) mmol/l 3 weeks postpartum, 6.1 (4.1-10.3) mmol/l 4 months postpartum and 5.3 (3.6-8.7) mmol/l 9 months postpartum. At 9 months postpartum, none of the women breast-fed exclusively. No significant change occurred in the concentration of B12 and folate. Exclusively breast-feeding women without vitamin supplementation had higher median tHcy than supplemented exclusively breast-feeding women 4 and 9 months postpartum (7.0 vs 5.4 mmol/l (Po0.001) and 5.8 vs 4.5 mmol/l (P ¼ 0.003), respectively). Six women had increased (415 mmol/l) tHcy; four of these were unsupplemented and exclusively breast-feeding. Conclusion: We found no overall indication of depletion of the folate and B12 stores during the lactation period in this population. However, folate-supplemented women had lower tHcy and higher folate levels, suggesting a beneficial effect of supplementation with folate throughout lactation. Sponsorship: The Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Education and Research Fund and LEO Pharma Research Foundation supported this study. DPC Scandinavia, Denmark donated reagents for the folate and tHcy analysis.

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“…Further, colostrum is rich in fat-soluble vitamin A, carotenoids, and vitamin E. The average vitamin A level on the third day can be three times that of mature milk. Similarly, carotenoids in colostrum may be ten times the level in mature milk, and vitamin E may be two to three times greater than in mature milk (35).…”

Section: Non-enzymatic Antioxidant In Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidants and Antioxidant Capacity of Human Milk / Antioksidansi i antioksidativni kapacitet humanog mleka

Živković¹,

Sunarić²,

Trutić³

et al. 2015

Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis

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Milk contains plenty of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant components that probably account for the vital antioxidant protection of the infants at early stages of life against the development of complications induced by oxygen free radicals. Indigenous milk enzymes play a key role in regulating lactogenesis, including active involution of mammary gland. Moreover, they are essential constituents of antioxidation and the innate immune system of milk. Among antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase and selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase have been demonstrated in human milk. Mainly, the enzyme content of colostrum is higher than that in corresponding mature milk. Beside lipophilic antioxidant in human milk, tocopherols, carotenoids and vitamin A are of great interest. Those components demonstrate the highest levels in colostrum and decline during early lactation, despite the fact that total lipids increase. The complete list of active antioxidant components in human milk is not yet known.This review reports the main findings of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, as well as antioxidant capacity of human milk. Synergism of action of several antioxidants helps to eliminate free radicals in newborns. Bearing in mind that milk contains a number of antioxidants, many reactions are possible and it is difficult to define the exact contribution and function of each antioxidant. Besides qualitative and quantitative analysis of human milk antioxidants, the measurement of total antioxidant capacity could be a useful tool for examination of this dynamic, complex fluid. R e v i e w a r t i c l e I NT ROD U CT I ONReactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen. They are either radicals that contain at least one unpaired electron or reactive non-radical compounds derived from radicals, capable of oxidizing biomolecules and able to damage all biological macromolecules (1, 2). These ROS are normally produced in living organisms at low but measurable concentrations, and may be beneficial or even crucial in processes such as intracellular signalling and defence against microorganisms. Also, ROS are involved in the cell growth, differentiation, progression, and death (3).Cells which use oxygen and consequently ROS have to evolve complex antioxidant defence systems to neutralize ROS and protect themselves against free radical damaging (4). When the production of ROS exceeds the capacity of the body's antioxidant defence to detoxify them, a condition known as oxidative stress occurs. High concentrations of ROS can damage all major cellular constituents such as lipids (peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes), proteins (denaturation), carbohydrates and nucleic acids, which leads to functional impairment (5, 6).At birth, the newborn is exposed to a relatively hyperoxic extrauterine environment caused by an increased oxygen bioavailability with greatly enhanced generation of ROS. As a result, human infant is under oxidative stress due to the difficulty of adapting...

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The effects of ascorbic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid supplementation on the breast milk and maternal nutritional status of low socioeconomic lactating women

Cited by 98 publications

References 24 publications

Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants

Effect of vitamin supplementation to HIV-infected pregnant women on the micronutrient status of their infants

Folate and vitamin B12 in relation to lactation: a 9-month postpartum follow-up study

Antioxidants and Antioxidant Capacity of Human Milk / Antioksidansi i antioksidativni kapacitet humanog mleka

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