The effects of contrast on perceived depth and depth discrimination

Rohaly, Ann Marie; Wilson, Hugh R.

doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00034-0

Cited by 50 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The two exceptional cases are consistent with the general literature on stereo thresholds and contrast. Stereo thresholds are a power law function of contrast [12]. We see the same result in Figure 3 for the case of a head-worn AR display.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

A user study towards understanding stereo perception in head-worn augmented reality displays

Livingston¹,

Ai²,

Decker³

2009

2009 8th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality

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Properly perceived stereo display is often assumed to be vital in augmented reality (AR) displays used for close distances, echoing the general understanding from the perception literature. However, the accuracy of the perception of stereo in head-worn AR displays has not been studied greatly. We conducted a user study to elicit the precision of stereo perception in AR and its dependency on the size and contrast of the stimulus. We found a strong effect of contrast on the disparity users desired to make a virtual target verge at the distance of a real reference object. We also found that whether the target began behind or in front of the reference in a method of adjustments protocol made a significant difference. The mean disparity in the rendering that users preferred had a strong linear relationship with their IPD. We present our results and infer stereoacuity thresholds.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

A user study towards understanding stereo perception in head-worn augmented reality displays

Livingston¹,

Ai²,

Decker³

2009

2009 8th IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality

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“…For a color to be seen as standing out in depth against the background, or to be seen as figure rather than as ground, the difference in luminance or brightness between the color and its background must be strong, as stated in Chevreul's law of contrast. This intuition that differences in luminance would act as a cue to relative depth in the visual field has been confirmed since by psychophysical studies showing that surfaces with the stronger luminance contrast in the two-dimensional plane tend to be perceived as figure rather than as ground, or as nearer to the human observer than surfaces with the weaker luminance contrast (Bugelski, 1967;Dresp et al, 2002;Guibal and Dresp, 2004;O'Shea et al, 1994;Oyama and Yamamura, 1960;Rohaly and Wilson, 1999;Schwartz and Sperling, 1983). Mutual interactions between colors in terms of assimilation and contrast may be linked to their capacity for generating effects of relative depth or, in other words, to the likelihoods that they will be perceived as belonging to the same or as belonging to different surfaces in the visual field (Long and Purves, 2003), a possibility that was not made explicit by Chevreul at the time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Simultaneous Brightness and Apparent Depth from True Colors on Grey: Chevreul Revisited

Dresp-Langley

Reeves²

2012

Seeing and Perceiving

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We show that true colors as defined by Chevreul (1839) produce unsuspected simultaneous brightness induction effects on their immediate grey backgrounds when these are placed on a darker (black) general background surrounding two spatially separated configurations. Assimilation and apparent contrast may occur in one and the same stimulus display. We examined the possible link between these effects and the perceived depth of the color patterns which induce them as a function of their luminance contrast. Patterns of square-shaped inducers of a single color (red, green, blue, yellow, or grey) were placed on background fields of a lighter and a darker grey, presented on a darker screen. Inducers were always darker on one side of the display and brighter on the other in a given trial. The intensity of the grey backgrounds varied between trials only. This permitted generating four inducer luminance contrasts, presented in random order, for each color. Background fields were either spatially separated or consisted of a single grey field on the black screen. Experiments were run under three environmental conditions: dark-adaptation, daylight, and rod-saturation after exposure to bright light. In a first task, we measured probabilities of contrast, assimilation, and no effect in a three-alternative forced-choice procedure (background appears brighter on the 'left', on the 'right' or the 'same'). Visual adaptation and inducer contrast had no significant influence on the induction effects produced by colored inducers. Achromatic inducers produced significantly stronger contrast effects after dark-adaptation, and significantly stronger assimilation in daylight conditions. Grouping two backgrounds into a single one was found to significantly decrease probabilities of apparent contrast. Under the same conditions, we measured probabilities of the inducers to be perceived as nearer to the observer (inducers appear nearer on 'left', on 'right' or the 'same'). These, as predicted by Chevreul's law of contrast, were determined by the luminance contrast of the inducers only, with significantly higher probabilities of brighter inducers to be seen as nearer, and a marked asymmetry between effects produced by inducers of opposite sign. Implications of these findings for theories which attempt to link simultaneous induction effects to the relative depth of object surfaces in the visual field are discussed.

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“…Disparities smaller than the width of a pixel are attained by "anti-aliasing" [1,22]: The margins of the vertical bar are smoothed with a gradual transition of the luminance following a Gaussian profile. The Gaussian profile has a standard deviation of 2 pixels.…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interindividual variability of learning in stereoacuity

Schmitt

Kromeier

Bach

et al. 2002

Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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The great interindividual variability of learning in stereoacuity has important implications for therapeutic tests that use stereoacuity as an outcome measure: To distinguish therapeutic effects from improvements due to repeated testing, each subject's individual learning behaviour has to be taken into account, for example by starting out with an adequate training phase. The number of test repetitions required to reach a fairly constant level appears to be similar among individuals: in our paradigm most of the learning occurred within the first six blocks with 100 target presentations each.

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The effects of contrast on perceived depth and depth discrimination

Cited by 50 publications

References 32 publications

A user study towards understanding stereo perception in head-worn augmented reality displays

A user study towards understanding stereo perception in head-worn augmented reality displays

Simultaneous Brightness and Apparent Depth from True Colors on Grey: Chevreul Revisited

Interindividual variability of learning in stereoacuity

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